• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.31 no.B
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• pp.113-117
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to determine the antimicrobial effect of tea tree oil a against pathogens relate to acne. Tea tree oil extracted from Australian Melaleuca alterifolia has been studied extensively for their antimicrobial properties against different type of bacteria and fungi. Tea tree oil has been reported to have antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antitumor activities, among others. By evaluating the antibacterial effect of Tea Tree Oil of Australia, the MIC value of Tea Tree oil against P. acnes was 0.05% and 0.5% against aerobic bacteria. This study showed that Tea Tree Oil has antibacterial effect against bacteria which induce acne. Tea Tree Oil had better antibacterial effect against P. acnes compared to aerobic bacteria. It is promising to develop a nature-based functional material for makeup product, which can cure and prevent acne.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.303-314
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• 2010

In this study, the antibacterial, antioxidative effect and component analysis of Pinus koraiensis leaf extracts were investigated. MIC values of the ethyl acetate fraction from P. koraiensis leaf extracts on P. acnes, S. aureus, P. ovale, and E. coli were 0.06 %, 0.25 %, 0.13 % and 0.50 %, respectively. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction on P. acnes, P. ovale. and S. aureus was more prominent. The aglycone fraction of P. koraiensis leaf extracts ($22.93\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed more higher free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity ($OSC_{50}$) of P. koraiensis leaf extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system was investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The 50 % ethanol extract ($0.70\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed the most prominent ROS scavenging activity. Also the ethyl acetate ($1.04\;{\mu}g/mL$) and the aglycone fraction ($1.43\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed very high antoxidant activity. The protective effects of extract/fractions of P. koraiensis leaf extracts on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The P. koraiensis leaf extracts showed cellular membrane protective effects in a concentration dependent manner ($5{\sim}50\;{\mu}g/mL$). TLC and HPLC chromatogram of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from hydrolysis of P. koraiensis leaf extracts revealed 2 main bands (PK-4, PK-6) and peaks (peak 1, peak 2), which were identified as kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (PK-6, peak 1) and kaempferol-3-O-arabinoside (PK-4, peak 2) by LC/ESI-MS/MS, respectively. These results indicate that extract/fractions of P. koraiensis can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging ROS, and protect cellular membrane against ROS. Extract/fractions of P. koraiensis can be applicable to new cosmeceuticals for antioxidant, antiaging, and antibacterial activity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2019

Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM), also known as Korean blackberry or bokbunja, is used as a South Korean traditional medicine to treat acne and inflammatory skin conditions. The antimicrobial activity of RCM root and its active compounds remain unclear. In this study, we prepared a 50% ethanol fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and acid-treated ethyl acetate fraction (aglycone fraction) of RCM root, and evaluated antibacterial activities against the skin pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas acnes, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a paper disc assay, all fractions of RCM root showed antimicrobial activities against the five skin pathogens. The ethyl acetate fraction displayed 6-, 12-, and 2-fold higher minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) than the 50% ethanol fraction against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. acnes, respectively. The aglycone fraction displayed 2-fold higher MIC than methyl paraben against P. acnes, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate fraction displayed a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) similar to that of methyl paraben, and the aglycone fraction showed 2- to 4-fold higher MBCs than those of methyl paraben. In particular, the ethyl acetate fraction was not cytotoxic and showed thermal stability after incubation at high temperatures ($60-121^{\circ}C$). Finally, the ethyl acetate fraction was separated and four components were identified: procyanidin C, propelagonidin dimer, ellagic acid, and methyl ellagic acid acetyl pentose. The compounds showed high antibacterial activities. These results suggest that RCM root is potentially applicable as a natural preservative in cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2020

This study attempted to review the possibility of Psidium guajava leaf extract as a cosmetics ingredient by measuring antioxidant activity through ABTS radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages, ROS generation-inhibiting effects through DCF-DA assay and antimicrobial activity, and the results found the followings: The Psidium guajava leaf extract revealed excellent ABTS radical scavenging activity. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, no cytotoxicity was found. The ROS generation in the cells was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. The antimicrobial activities were observed in the following strains: S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans and P. acnes. In terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on each strain, which ranged from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL, C. albican was the lowest, followed by E. coli, S. aureus and P. acnes. The above results confirmed the effects of Psidium guajava leaf extract: antioxidant activity, inhibition of ROS generation in the cells, antimicrobial effects on skin flora which causes inflammation. Therefore, it appears that the extract would be available as a cosmetics ingredient which is free of toxins and side effects.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.717-725
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• 2016

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation effects of essential oils of Erigeron annuus L. Flower. Erigeron annuus L. essential oils were obtained by solvent extraction. Antioxidative ability was evaluated by bioassays using ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt) radical scavenging effect and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-1-picrydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Erigeron annuus L. essential oil exhibited free radical scavenging activity on ABTS and DPPH 98.6%, 48.3% respectively, at a concentration of $500{\mu}g/ml$. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Erigeron annuus L. were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Propionibacterium acnes (P. acne) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) by paper disc method, MIC and MBC. Erigeron annuus L. essential oil showed excellent antibacterial activities against S. aureus with MIC and MBC values of 0.31 mg/mL. The clear zone, indicating antimicrobial activity against P. acnes, was 14 mm, MIC and MBC values 0.31 mg/mL, 0.63 mg/mL, respectively. For the anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cell, the Erigeron annuus L. essential oils inhibited not only NO production but also the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that Erigeron annuus L. essential oils has considerable potential as a cosmetic ingredient with antioxidative, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation effects.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1335-1344
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• 2021

Ginsenoside Compound K is a triterpene saponin found in the leafs, stems and roots of Panax ginseng. This study aimed to prepare a valuable ginsenoside Compound K using ginseng extracts with the enzyme(Plantase). Plantase showed very efficient activity to produce Compound K from ginseng extracts. Plantase exhibited the highest activity at pH 5 and 50 ℃, as a result of investigating the yield of Compound K by changing the temperature and pH, while fixing the enzyme concentration to 10% or 15% over 48 hours of reaction time. Under optimium conditions, Plantase produced and accumulated Compound K over 35 wt% of whole ginseng extracts. Antimicrobial activitiy of bioconvertied ginseng extracts showed selectivity against Cutibacterium acnes KCTC 3314. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bioconverted ginseng extract (35% of Compound K enriched extract) against Cutibacterium acnes KCTC 3314 strain is 31.25ug/mL. These results suggest that the Compound K enriched extract is potential materials for cosmetic products and Plantase is a very useful enzyme for Compound K production.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.45-53
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to test the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of BPH, which is composed of Pini Densiflorae Nodi Lignum and Querci Acutissimae Fructus, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, Angelicae Tenuissimae Radix. Method : Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of BPH on Propionibacterium acnes, one of anaerobic bacteria species were evaluated by measuring the levels of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) elimination and lipid peroxidation. Result : When BPH was applied to CCD-986sk (Human normal fibroblast) to confirm the level of cytokine(tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8), its level increased in proportion to that of BPH's concentration, which indicated dose-dependent relationship. Using the Disk diffusion to measure the bacterial growth inhibition zone varying BPH concentration, it was found that the antibacterial effect of BPH was less than that of erythromycin, the control group, but was higher than that of saline, and it increased with higher concentrations. In a liquid culture medium containing BPH, the growth rate of Propionibacterium acnes was decreased by more than 10% at 25% BPH. After adding P. acnes to THP-1 monocyte, and treated it with BPH, and measuring the concentration of TNF-a and IL-8, it was observed that the amount of TNF-alpha and IL-8 significantly decreased depending on the level of BPH concentration. The ability to eliminate DPPH increased with higher BPH concentration. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation was increased by BHT treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion : Using Propionibacterium acnes, an anaerobic bacteria, we confirmed that BPH has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2014

The antibacterial effect of Quercus salicina Blume extract was investigated and then the stability of a cream containing it best performing fraction, the ethyl acetate fraction, was evaluated. The antibacterial effect was evaluated on the skin microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the Q. salicina Blume extract fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration against S. aureus (1,200 ${\mu}g/ml$), B. subtilis (2,500 ${\mu}g/ml$), P. acnes (1,200 ${\mu}g/ml$) and P. aeruginosa (312 ${\mu}g/ml$). Therefore, a cream containing 0.25% ethyl acetate fraction of Q. salicina Blume extract was prepared and evaluated for stability. The pH, viscosity, and absorbance of the cream were measured under various temperatures (4, 20, 37, $45^{\circ}C$) and sun light during a 12 week period. The changes in viscosity, absorbance and pH of the cream did not change significantly during the term of the experiment when compared with a placebo cream. In addition, any change in color or odor of the cream was not observed during the 12 weeks. These results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction of Q. salicina Blume extract has a high antibacterial effect and is stable as a cream. There is therefore some potential for its use in cosmetic materials.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.646-651
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• 2017

This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial activity of 70% ethanol and hot water extracts from different parts and essential oil in Pinus densiflora on skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus epiermidis, S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and Trichophyton rubrum. The antimicrobial activities of extracts and essential oil were tested by paper disc assay and minimum inhibitory concentration test. The ethanol extract of pine pollen showed antimicrobial activity against C. tropicalis and T. rubrum. Ethanol extract of pine needle and pine gnarl showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, C. tropicalis, and P. acnes. Essential oil from pine needle exhibited antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and P. acnes. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanol extracts of pine needle and pine gnarl against P. acnes and C. tropicalis ranged from 0.002% to 0.0063%. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.025%) against C. albicans and C. tropicalis was obtained from essential oil. These results indicate that ethanol extracts of pine pollen, pine needle, pine gnarl, and essential oil of pine needle could be applicable to control the skin infection pathogens. Especially, ethanol extract of pine gnarl had a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and pine extracts and essential oil exhibited higher antimicrobial activity with Candida sp. and P acnes.

• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2014

To develop effective and safe acne vulgaris therapies with a continuing demand for new solutions, we investigated unique efficacy of an antibacterial agent from marine brown alga Eisenia bicyclis in treating acne vulgaris. The methanolic extract of E. bicyclis exhibited potential antibacterial activity against acne-related bacteria. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity against the bacteria among solvent fractions. Six compounds (1-6), previously isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of E. bicyclis, were evaluated for antibacterial activity against acne-related bacteria. Among them, compound 2 (fucofuroeckol-A [FF]) exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against acne-related bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 32 to $128{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$. Furthermore, FF clearly reversed the high-level erythromycin and lincomycin resistance of Propionibacterium acnes. The MIC values of erythromycin against P. acnes were dramatically reduced from 2,048 to $1.0{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ in combination with MIC of FF ($64{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$). The fractional inhibitory concentration indices of erythromycin and lincomycin were measured from 0.500 to 0.751 in combination with 32 or $64{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of FF against all tested P. acnes strains, suggesting that FF-erythromycin and FF-lincomycin combinations exert a weak synergistic effect against P. acnes. The results of this study suggest that the compounds derived from E. bicyclis can be a potential source of natural antibacterial agents and a pharmaceutical component against acnerelated bacteria.