• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2007

Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL-17), produced by keratinocytes, is a CC chemokine known to selectively Th2 type T cells via $CCR4^+$ and is implicated in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). TARC/CCL17 expression was induced by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$). We recently found that the wogonin, a flavone isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, suppressed TARC expression via heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) in human keratinocytes induced with mite antigen. However, little is known about the inhibitory mechanism of wogonin on TARC/CCL-17 expression stimulated with cytokines. To investigate the inhibitory mechanism, I determined the inhibitory effects of wogonin on the activation of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation, and also examined the activation of p38 MAP kainase in HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated with TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$. Wogonin inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$-DNA complex, NF-${\kappa}B$ binding activity, and the phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ in a dose dependent manner. Wogonin also inhibited the translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ from cytosol to nucleus. Moreover, the phosphorylation of of p38 MAP kinase in the TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes were suppressed by wogonin in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that wogonin may inhibit cytokine-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation by $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation via suppression of p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway in keratinocytes and modulation of wogonin signaling pathway may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.1011-1018
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• 2011

Aflatoxin-contaminated feed cause mortality, suppression of the immune system, reduced growth rates and losses in feed efficiency. This research study was planned to investigate the immunomodulatory and growth promoting effect of milk thistle as feed additive against aflatoxin $B_1$ in broiler chicks at NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Two hundred and forty (240) day old broilers chicks were randomly assigned into four major groups AfF, aflatoxin free feed; Aflatoxin $B_1$ was present in the feed at the levels of 80-520 ${\mu}g/kg$ of the feed in the remaining three groups. Aflatoxin contaminated feed was provided for 5 weeks. Group AfB was supplemented with toxin binder "Mycoad" at 3 g/kg of feed and group AfT was supplemented with milk thistle at10 g/kg of feed. Each group was further sub divided into two sub-groups, vaccinated against ND (Newcastle disease), IB (Infectious bronchitis) and IBD (Infectious bursal diseases) according to recommended schedule of vaccination or non vaccinated. Each sub group carried three replicates with 10 chicks per replicate. Chicks were reared in pens in an open sided house. Supplementary heat was provided to all the chicks during brooding period. Mean body weight gain and dressing percentage were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfF, followed by AfT, AfB and Af. Weight gain and dressing percentage was the same in group AfB and AfT, while it was significantly lower in group Af. Feed intake, breast, thigh and leg weight were found significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfF, followed by AfB, AfT and Af. Significantly lower (better) FCR value was recorded in group AfT. Water intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfT and AfF as compared to other groups. Mortality was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group Af. Mean bursa and thymus weights were found significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfF, AfB and AfT followed by Af, while higher spleen weight was recorded in group AfT. Mean antibody titer against ND, IB and IBD was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfT, as compared to other groups. It is concluded that milk thistle at 10 g/kg of feed could effectively be utilized as immunostimulant and growth promotant in the presence of immunosuppressant aflatoxin $B_1$ in the feed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Duggal-Jeon-Kubrusly([2]) introduced Hilbert space operator T satisfying property ${\mid}T{\mid}^2{\leq}{\mid}T^2{\mid}$, where ${\mid}T{\mid}=(T^*T)^{1/2}$. In this paper we extend this property to general version, namely property B(n). In addition, we construct examples which distinguish the classes of operators with property B(n) for each $n{\in}\mathbb{N}$.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10879-10882
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• 2015

Objective: To investigate the effect of intraoperative glucose fluctuation and postoperative interlukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels on the short-term prognosis of patients with intracranial supratentorial neoplasms. Materials and Methods: Eighty-six patients undergoing intracranial excision were selected in The Second Hospital of Jilin University. According to the condition of glucose fluctuation, the patients were divided into group A (glucose fluctuation <2.2 mmol/L, n=57) and group B (glucose fluctuation ${\geq}2.2mmol/L$, n=29). Glucose was assessed by drawing 2 mL blood from internal jugular vein in two groups in the following time points, namely fasting blood glucose 1 d before operation ($T_0$), 5 min after anesthesia induction ($T_1$), intraoperative peak glucose ($T_2$), intraoperative lowest glucose ($T_3$), 5 min after closing the skull ($T_4$), immediately after returning to intensive care unit (ICU) ($T_5$) and 2 h after returning to ICU ($T_6$). 1 d before operation and 1, 3 and 6 d after operation, serum IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and CRP level with immunoturbidimetry. Additionally, postoperative adverse reactions were monitored. Results: There was no statistical significance between two groups regarding the operation time, anesthesia time, amount of intraoperative bleeding and blood transfusion (P>0.05). The glucose levels in both groups at $T_1{\sim}T_6$ went up conspicuously compared with that at $T_0$ (P<0.01), and those in group B at $T_2$, $T_4$, $T_5$ and $T_6$ were significantly higher than in group A (P<0.01). Serum IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and CRP levels in both groups 1, 3 and 6 d after operation increased markedly compared with 1 d before operation (P<0.01), but the increased range in group A was notably lower than in group B (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Postoperative incidences of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and myocardial ischemia in group A were significantly lower than in group B (P<0.05), and respiratory support time obviously shorter than in group B (P<0.01). Conclusions: The glucose fluctuation of patients undergoing intracranial excision is related to postoperative IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and CRP levels and those with small range of glucose fluctuation have better prognosis.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

본 연구는 육계에 오메가 3계열을 다량 함유한 정어리유 1%와 쑥의 급여수준(0, 1, 2, 4%)에 따라 4처리구로(T1, T2, T3, T4)구분하여 5주간 급여 후 도계하여 대퇴 부위 근육을 냉장온도$(4{\pm}1^{\circ}C)$에서 10일간 저장하면서 pH, VBN, TBARS 및 육색의 변화를 조사하였다. 증체량은 T3구에서 가장 낮았으며, pH는 대조구에 비하여 처리구에서 높았고, 저장 기간이 경과하면서 유의성 있게 상승하였다(P<0.05). VBN과 TBARS는 처리구에서 저장기간이 지남에 따라 증가하였을지라도 대조구는 처리구에 비하여 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 육색은 처리구에서 $L^*$과 $b^*$값이 대조구보다 높은 경향이었다. 이상의 실험 결과로 미루어 육계사료에서 정어리유를 1%급여시에 2%까지 첨가하면 계육의 품질 및 저장성 개선 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2003

목 적：수면박탈은 인지기능의 저하를 가져오며 이는 신 경생리학적 변화인 P300의 잠복기 연장과 진폭의 저하를 가져온다고 보고된다. 또한 이러한 수면박탈에 의한 변화 정도에 개인의 특성이 영향을 줄 수 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 수면박탈에 의한 P300의 잠복기 연장 정도와 성격 특성의 관련성에 관하여 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법：18명의 피험자에게 37시간 동안 수면박탈이 시행되었으며, 2일간의 실험기간동안 아침 7시와 저녁 7시에 총 4차례 P300 검사를 시행하였다. 또한 첫날 10시경에 MMPI와 STAI-T 검사를 시행하였다. 총 4회의 P300의 변화 중 아침, 저녁의 검사 결과끼리 paired t-test를 시행하였다. 이 결과에 기초하여 수면박탈에 의하여 P300의 잠복기 연장이 심하지 않은 군(n=9)(Group A)과 심한 군(n=9) (Group B), 두 군으로 나누었으며, 두 군의 MMPI의 각 척도 점수와 STAI-T 점수를 t-test 통하여 비교하였다. 결 과：수면박탈에 의하여 유의한 P300 잠복기의 연장이 있었다(p<0.005). 그러나 진폭에 있어서는 저녁시간에만 유의한 진폭의 감소가 있었다(p<0.005). 잠복기 연장이 심한 경우(Group B)와 심하지 않은 경우(Group A)를 나누어 MMPI 각 척도 값들을 t-test 시행한 결과, Group B가 Group A에 비하여 Mf척도(t=-2.16, df=16, p=0.046)와 Pa척도(t=-2.61, df=16, p=0.019)에서 유의하게 점수가 높았으며, F척도는 통계적으로 유의한 정도는 아니지만 Group B가 Group A보다 점수가 높았다(t=-2.11, df=16, p=0.052). 결 론：MMPI 소척도 중 F, Mf, Pa 척도가 높은 사람이 P300의 변화로 표현되는 수면박탈에 의한 정보처리 효율성의 저하에 취약한 것으로 보인다. 즉, F 상승으로 표현되는 주관적인 심리적 호소가 많음, Mf의 상승으로 표현되는 예민, 수동, 의존적인 면 그리고, Pa척도의 상승으로 나타나는 예민하고 투사 및 외향화하는 성격이 수면박탈에 취약하다고 추정할 수 있겠다.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.535-545
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• 2020

Let A be an m × n matrix over nonnegative integers. The isolation number of A is the maximum number of isolated entries in A. We investigate linear operators that preserve the isolation number of matrices over nonnegative integers. We obtain that T is a linear operator that strongly preserve isolation number k for 1 ≤ k ≤ min{m, n} if and only if T is a (P, Q)-operator, that is, for fixed permutation matrices P and Q, T(A) = P AQ or, m = n and T(A) = P A^tQ for any m × n matrix A, where A^t is the transpose of A.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.200-209
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• 2011

The purpose of the study is to optimally manage sewage treatment plant with analysis of phosphorus contribution and improvement of water quality contributing rate in the effect of inflowing point of effluent and Pal-Dang lake after reducing T-P discharge from large scale public sewage treatment plant at upstream of Pal-Dang lake. Also, this study, for enforcement of T-P in effluent, plans optimal management of effluent T-P through examining propriety of environmental, technological, and economical aspect such as water quality standard of domestic and foreign T-P and related policy. In regarding optimal management of T-P discharged from public sewage treatment plant located in upstream of Pal-Dang lake, the study drew following conclusions. With the optimal management of public sewage treatment plant, it showed that a pollution level became higher in the order of Sumgang E in South-Han river, C in Dalcheon, B1 B2, A in North-Han river, and J in Kyungancheon, and it is required reduction of T-P first. The highest value in analysis of benefit-costs from sewage treatment plant in the selected research area was Kyungan B, and the others are with the order of Jojong A, Bokha A, Kyungan A, and Yanghwa A. With result of this study, all 14 areas are required more enforced phosphorus treatment. The study resulted that the most top priority areas were Hangang F, Sumgang B, and Gyungan A, top priority areas were Bokha A, Dalcheon B, and Cheongmi A, priority areas were Hangang E, Heukcheon A, Gyungan B, and Jojong A, and potential areas were Sumgang A, Yanghwa A, Dalcheon A, and Hangang D. It seems to be appropriate to apply 0.2 mg/L of T-P treatment for water supply source reservation, 0.5 mg/L for the other areas by locally, and 0.2~0.5 mg/L for biological nitrogen phosphorus treatment method and 0.5~1 mg/L for Conventional Activated Sludge by technologically. Also, it may be appropriate to apply 0.2 mg/L for the most top priority area(I), 0.3 mg/L for the top priority area(II), 0.4 mg/L for priority area(III), and 0.5 mg/L for potential area(IV) by the separation of priority area.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.393-401
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• 1997

Let $A_1,A_2,\cdots,A_m$ and $B_1,B_2,\cdots,B_n$ be two sequences of events on a given probability space. Let $X_m$ and $Y_n$, respectively, be the number of those $A_i$ and $B_j$, which occur we establish new upper and lower bounds on the probability $P(X=r, Y=t)$ which improve upper bounds and classical lower bounds in terms of the bivariate binomial moment $S_{r,t},S_{r+1,t},S_{r,t+1}$ and $S_{r+1,t+1}$.

• 음성과학
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• 제3권
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• pp.71-82
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• 1998

Five sets of nonsense acoustical stimuli {$[sp{\varepsilon},st{\varepsilon},sk{\varepsilon}],\;[p{\varepsilon},t{\varepsilon},k{\varepsilon}],\;[sb{\varepsilon},sd{\varepsilon},sg{\varepsilon}],\;[b{\varepsilon},d{\varepsilon},g{\varepsilon}],\;['{\varepsilon}b{\varepsilon},'{\varepsilon}d{\varepsilon},'{\varepsilon}g{\varepsilon}]$} were presented for identification of English stops to native speakers of English, Chinese, and Korean. The English speakers perceived stops after /s/ as /p, t, k/; in other contexts as /b, d, g/. In the languages where other distinctions exist, however, the evaluation was different. The results suggest that in English the cue for stops after /s/ was syllable structure constraint: After initial /s/ always /p, t, k/ follow; the cue for the initial stops was aspiration. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that in English we should classify the unaspirated voiceless stops in initial /s/-stop clusters into the phoneme where [$p^{h},t^{h},k^{h}$] are in, and that perception is not only language specific but also context specific.