• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.331-344
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• 1999

To study plant community structure and successional sere of the Kojedo District, Hallyo-Haesang National Park, fifty six plots were set up and surveyed(each plot $l00\m^2$). Fifty-six plots were classified into four community, Quercus variabilis-Zelkova serrata community(I), Q. variabilis-Cinnamomum japonicum-Neolitsea sericea community(II), Pinus thunbergii-C. japonicum-N. sericea community(III), P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community(IV) by TWINSPAN technique. Most area of forests in Kojedo district are artificial or coppice forest after artificial disturbance. The age of four community were about 35~40 years and the number of species 32~44 species per $600\m^2$. Ecological succession had been proceeded from deciduous broad-leaved species(Q. variabilis-Z. serrata etc.), P. thunbergii, P. densiflora to evergreen broad leaved forest(C. japonicum, N. sericea etc.).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological characteristics and vegetation structures of Eurya japonica in Busan. As a result of the TWINSPAN and DCA analysis, 89 plots of 100㎡ each were divided into 3 communities: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-E. japonica community, and P. thunbergii-Camellia japonica community. Community I consisted of the Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica which was mainly located in the high altitude inland. While Q. serrata and P. densiflora competed in the tree layer, the dominant species of the understory layer was E. japonica. Since Carpinus tschonoskii, one of the climax species, was distributed evenly from shrub to tree layers, it was likely that deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii would become dominant species in community I. In community I, E. japonica was found in higher altitude than the other evergreen broad-leaved tree and was expected to maintain their tree vigor even if the vegetation structure is converted into the deciduous forest. Community II, the P. thunbergii-E. japonica community, was predicted to maintain its tree vigor unless there were unexpected disturbance factors. Community III, consisting of P. thunbergii-C. japonica and located in Dongbaek Island, was under artificial management. In community III, P. thunbergii was the only species in the tree layer, while C. japonica was predominant in the understory layer. E. japonica and various evergreen broad-leaved tree species were present in the understory layer and shrub layer, which were unmanaged areas. Therefore, it is expected that unless C. japonica is continuously managed, E. japonica is likely to become the dominant species. There were also various evergreen broad-leaved species, such as Machilus thunbergii and Pittosporum tobira, present in the shrub layer. If the temperature continues to rise, the habitat is expected to become evergreen broad-leaved forests in the future as P. thunbergii community declines. The result of Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis of E. japonica and species appearing in 89 plots showed that 9 species were had a statistically significant relationship (p<0.05). Four species, including P. tobira and Q. dentata, had a positive correlation. Five species had a negative correlation, and C. japonica, which had the same ecological position as E. japonica, showed the most negative correlation at -0.384.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the actual vegetation and Degree of Green Naturality(DGN) in Taeanhaean National Park in 2009. The actual vegetation of the surveyed site was classified into eleven plant communities and the others. Substitutional forest were classified into six plant communities; Pinus thunbergii community, P. densiflora community, Deciduous Broadleaf Forest, P. densiflora-Deciduous broadleaf Forest, etc. and the afforested lands were classified into five forest types: P. thunbergii, P. thunbergii-P. rigida Forest, Robinia pseudoacacia Forest, etc. The area of DGN 8 consisted of 40.66% while the area of DGN 9 consisted of 13.7% when compared with land area of Taeanhaean National Park. For the recovery of natural landscape and biological diversity of Taeanhaean National Park needs to be managed for eliminate to the exotic plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2023

This study was conducted to understand the vegetation characteristics of Cheongwansan Provincial Park through the analysis of the plant community structure and to build data necessary for the continuous management and protection of Cheongwansan Provincial Park. The TWINSPAN and DCS analyses of the plant community structure of 63 survey districts in Cheongwansan Provincial Park identified eight colonies, including Cryptomeria japonica Community (I), Chamaecyparis obtusa-Pinus densiflora Commuity (II), P. rigida-P. densiflora Community (III), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved Community (IV), P. densiflora Community (V), deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Community (VI), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora Community (VII) and P. thunbergii Community (VIII). The colonies can be grouped into afforestation communities (I, II, and III) dominated by C. obtusa, C. japonica, and P. rigida and natural forest communities (IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) dominated by native species. Although Cheongwansan Provincial Park is a provincial park area that can represent natural ecosystems and landscapes, the rate of artificial forests is higher than that of other provincial parks. Most of the artificial forest communities are expected to maintain their current state, but since native species such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and deciduous broad-leaved, which are warm-temperate trees introduced through surrounding natural forests, appear in the lower layer, it is determined that it is possible to induce succession to natural forests suitable for climatic characteristics through management, and monitoring for continuous management is also necessary. Deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Copete with P. densiflora in most natural forest communities. The vegetation series in the warm-temperate region of Korea appears to be in the early stages, and it is believed that the succession to Q. serrata or Q. mongolica, which appears next to coniferous in the series, is in progress. However, M. thunbergii and N. sericea, which appear in the middle stage of the succession in the warm-temperate region, have started to appear, and since Jangheung-gun belongs to the warm-temperate region considering the climate characteristics, the eventual succession to the warm-temperate forests dominated by evergreen broad-leaved is also expected. In this study, we built vegetation data from Cheongwansan Provincial Park, which lacks research on vegetation. However, since vegetation research in Cheongwansan Provincial Park is still insufficient, it is believed that further research should be continuously conducted to establish forest vegetation data and observe vegetation changes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2013

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for Paryeongsan Zone in the Dadohaehaesang National Park incorporated in National Park in 2011. To do so, seventy-five plots($100m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed plots were divided into six groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; (I) Quercus acutissima community, (II) Q. serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii community, (III) Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, (IV) Q. variabilis community, (V) P. rigida-Q. variabilis-P. densiflora community, (VI) Chamaecyparis obtusa community. The results of vegetation structure analysis were. I, IICommunity, were expected that the deciduous oak trees with deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. III, VCommunity, were expected that the P. densiflora and P. rigida competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. IVCommunity, have expanded the influence of Q. variabilis, but understory will be developed next ecological succession by a high percentage of Machilus thunbergii in frequency of warm-temperate trees. VI Community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community were expected continue. This Chamaecyparis obtusa community is picked thinning Chamaecyparis obtusa as moving purpose of National Park, it will be inducement a plant vegetation succession to the natural forest. Frequency of warm-temperate trees in the Paryeongsan Zone of warm temperate climate zone was a total 9 species, Machilus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Elaeagnus macrophylla, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to investigate vegetation structure and present management planning of mountain type green space using the green space changes during the 20 years, actual vegetation, and plant community structure in land area of Inchon, Korea. The actual vegetation area in survey sites was consisted of Quercus acutissima community, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Pinus rigida forest, Q. mongolica-Pinus rigida community, P. rigida-Q. mongolica community, Q. monogolica community and so on. According to the classification by TWINSPAN, 61 survey plots were divided into 9 groups; Q. mongolica-Alnus japonica-R. pseudoacacia-P. densiflora, R. pseudoacacia-Styrax japonica, P. rigida-R. pseudoacacia-Q. mongolica, R. pseudoacacia-P. rigida-Q. mongolica-A. hirusta, Q. mongolica-P. thunbergii, and prunus sargentii-Zelkova serrata community. From this result, ecological succession trend of vegetation seems to be change from artificial result, ecological succession trend of vegetation seems to be change from artificial planting forest to native plant community which was dominated by Quercus spp.. This study area need to manage for the increase of biodiversity through the restoration of naturalness by ecological management of artificial planting forest and ecological planting of injured green space.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2007

By using DEM and digital actual vegetation map with MGE GIS software program, topographic features (altitude, slope, latitude, etc.) quantitatively were analysed and their data integrated as the index of climatic conditions (WI, CI, air temperature, etc.) in South Korea. Warmth Index (WI) decreases $5.27^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with latitudinal $1^{\circ} degree, and $3.41^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with attitudinal 100 m increase. The relationship between CI and WI values is expressed as a linear regression, $WI=116.01+0.96{\times}CI,\;R^2=0.996$. The distributional peaks of different plant communities along Warmth Index gradient showed the sequence of Abies nephrolepis, Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, Q. dentata, C. tschonoskii, Q. serrate, Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acute, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii community from lower to higher values. The Quercus mongolica forest occurred frequently on E-NW and SE slope aspect within WI $70{\sim}80^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ optimal range at mesic sites, NW and SE slope than xeric sites S and SW slope. The Q. serrata forest showed the most distributional frequency in NW and W slope aspect within WI $90{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima forest showed the high frequency of distribution in SE slope in WI $95{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range. By the slope gradient analysis, five groups were found: 1. Abies nephrolepis, Machilus thunbergii, 2. Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Q. dentata, Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii 3. Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acuta 4. Carpinus laxiflora, Camellia japonica 5. C. tschonoskii from steep slope to gentle slope sequence.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to classify community and to analyzse vegetation-environment relationships in the forest community of Ulleung Island. The forest community of Ulleung Island was classified into Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community, Neolitsea sericea community, Pinus parviflora community, and Fagus multinervis - Sorbus commixta community. Since the results of phytosociological community classification were consistent with that of TWINSPAN, it proved that these two methods could complement when one does a community classification. There was a difference in chemical characteristic of soil among study communities. The community had high soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, and cation exchange capacity compared to forest soil of Korea. The soil pH ranged from 4.66 to 5.80. The soil texture in the study communities was loam or sandy loam. According to the ordination analysis, elevation, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg, soil pH, and content of sand and silt affect the distribution of community.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.740-745
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• 2003

The vegetation of Mt. Geum in Namhae-gun Gyeongsangnam-do was investigated by the methodology of the ZM school, from February, 2000 to May, 2002. An actural vegetation map and vegetation table were constructed to understand the distribution of plant community in this area. The vegetation in this study area was classified into 10 communities (Pinus. densiflora, P. thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Q. serrata, Q. variablis, Q. mongolica, Styrax ja-ponica, Corylopsis coreana, Zelkova serrata and Carpinus tschonoskii) and 1 afforestation (Chamaecyparis obtusa). According to the actual vegetation map, P. thunbergii forest, Q. serrata forest and Q. mongolica forest were found at the southern slope, northern slope and the center region of Mt. Geum, respectively. The forest of P. thunbergii was widely distributed in this area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.592-613
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristic, and ordination of forest in Hongdo island and the results are as follows: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Quercus acuta community, Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community and Carpinus coreana community. The results of importance value on the vegetation of Hongdo island consisted of the following in order: 75.56% of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, the highest, 34.84% of Pinus densiflora, 29.11% of Machilus thunbergii, 26.88% of Camellia japonica, 17.79% of Quercus acuta, 15.23% of Dendropanax morbifera, 13.41% of Ligustrum japonicum, 12.67% of Carpinus coreana. Due to the high organic matter, total nitrogen and low pH, the soil properties of Hongdo island are different from those of other forest in Korea. The composition of soil properties in the same areas are as follows: organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable $K^+$, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ contained, and soil pH. The capacities of these chemical properties of the soil ranged from 14.48~25.45%, 0.49~0.90%, 26.00~58.68 mg/kg, $0.64{\sim}1.64cmol^+/kg$, $6.22{\sim}21.5cmol^+/kg$, $2.92{\sim}6.95cmol^+/kg$, and 4.42~5.44 respectively. The results of the correlation between communities and soil conditions of vegetation of Hongdo island by DCCA ordination method are as follows: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community was found in the highest soil moisture and followed in order Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus acuta community. The Machilus thunbergii community was found in the highest pH, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$, exchangeable $K^+$ and cation exchange capacity. The Carpinus coreana community was found in the highest elevation, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ and followed in order Pinus densiflora community.