• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2008

Cry1Ac gene was introduced into chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Kitamura) 'Linneker Salmon' through Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation to develop new lines showing resistance to tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura). Cry1Ac gene was transferred into chrysanthemum by Agrobacterium C58C1 containing pCAMBIA2301. After infection of Agrobacterium C58C1 with leaf segments, the segments were cultured on regeneration medium (MS + 1.0 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L IAA) containing 10 mg/L kanamycin for the first selection, on the same medium containing 20 mg/L kanamycin for the second selection, and on rooting medium (MS basal medium) containing 20 mg/L kanamycin for the third selection. Until the third selection, sixty nine plantlets (1.6%) were survived and rooted. Thirty six ones (0.8%) among them were confirmed as putative transformants with nptll gene by nptll primer PCR, and 35 (0.8%) of 36 ones as transformants with nptll gene and cry1Ac gene by Southern analysis. The gene transformation efficiency of cry1Ac gene was favorable with 0.8%. The resistance of tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) in chrysan-themum transformant introduced cry1Ac gene was tested in green house. Three transformants were confirmed to have resistance to tobacco cutworm.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.557-563
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• 2011

Platycodon grandiflorum (Korean name, Doraji) has been widely used in traditional herbal medicine as an expectorant for pulmonary disease and a remedy for respiratory disorders in Asia. Here, we investigated the effects of BtOH extract saponin fraction of P. gradiflourm (PGS) on phagocytosis and anti-tumor activity with related cytokine productions in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The results showed that PGS increased phagocytosis, anti-tumor activity, TNF-${\alpha}$ and nitric oxide (NO) production without direct tumor cell cytotoxicity. To further investigate whether NO is involved in anti-tumor and phagocytic activities of PGS, cells were co-treated with specific iNOS inhibitors, L-NIL (N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine, dihydrochloride), to block NO production. PGS decreased anti-tumor activity in L-NIL-treated cells, whereas phagocytic activity was not inhibited under the same conditions, indicating that the anti-tumor activity by PGS appears to be conducted by NO. These findings suggest that P. grandiflorum could be used a potential nutrition therapeutic agent for cancer patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.171-171
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• 2017

Propagation by crown division in Platycodon grandiflorum is too slow for producing many plants in a short time although the plants are uniform. This study was performed to enhance the mass propagation for Platycodon grandiflorum containing yellow green petals via various medium compositions and the growth regulators. The nodes containing yellow green petals were used as materials to execute the study with a variety of MS medium concentrations. The 1/4MS medium showed the best development of adventitious root, while the 1/2MS medium exhibited the potential growth. The higher the concentration of sucrose showed the better development and growth of both shoots and adventitious roots. Many adventitious roots were developed at the controlled culture medium at pH 4.8 with a tendency of suppression with higher levels of pH. Also, the cultivated node and leaf explants with the treatments of simple and combined applications with auxin and cytokinin at the 1/4MS culture medium with adding 5% of sucrose were used to identify the influences of growth regulators. The regeneration of plantlets at the 234single application showed a good result with the addition of BA $1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and the development and growth of adventitious roots appeared to be good at the addition of NAA $1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. For the combined applications, the regeneration of plantlets and the development of adventitious roots were prosperous at the combined applications with BA $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and IAA $0.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The addition of IAA for the leaf explants induced a number of plantlets that showed the potential regeneration, and the highest results was obtained from the combined applications of both BA $1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and IAA $2.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. In addition, the development of adventitious roots showed the satisfactory results at the combined application of both BA $1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and IAA $0.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.844-850
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• 2013

In this study, the optimal extraction conditions for three medicinal herbs as functional sources against inflammatory and arthritic diseases were developed. Traditional medicinal herbs were screened for their inhibition of hyaluronidase (HAse) activity and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. For the screening of anti-inflammatory properties, ethanolic extracts of 53 species of traditional medicinal herb were examined. We confirmed that Astragalus membranaceus (A.R.), Schisandra chinensis (S.F.), and Platycodon grandiflorum (P.G.) inhibit NO production. For extraction from all three herbs simultaneously, an ethanol concentration of 95%, a 1:2:1 mixture ratio, and at 50 rpm mixing speed, for over 12 h and at $30^{\circ}C$ was the best condition for optimal extract yield and NO inhibition effects. HAse inhibition from the three herb extraction was three fold higher than single samples. The ethanol extracts were fractionated with various solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water). The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the herb mixture showed the highest extract yield (13%) and NO inhibition effects (73%). In conclusion, this study provides experimental evidence that a mixture of P.G., A.R., and S.F. could be used as a source of antioxidant ingredients in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.84-89
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• 2013

We investigated the effects of extracts from dried Platycodon grandiflorum on total phenolic content and growth of cancer cell lines (HT-29 and AGS). Total phenolic contents of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) extract and methanol (MeOH) fraction were 4.53 and 27.22 TAE mg/100 g, respectively. Among the fractions, n-butanol (n-BuOH) fraction contained the highest phenolic content. Treatments of crude extracts and fractions significantly inhibited the growth of HT-29 and AGS cancer cell lines (p<0.05). Among the fractions, n-BuOH fraction exhibited the highest inhibitory effect and was then sub-fractionated by reverse phase flash column chromatography (rfc). The rfc 1-3 exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on proliferation of both cancer cells. The rfc 1 contained the highest phenol content. Our results showed that n-BuOH fraction possessed a potent inhibitory effect on proliferation of human cancer cells. We suggested that this anticancer activity was partially related to the content of phenolic compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1386-1396
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum Platycodon grandiflorum root concentrate (PGRC, $65^{\circ}Brix$), fermented P. grandiflorum root extract by Lactobacillus plantarum (FPGRE, $2^{\circ}Brix$), and cactus Chounnyouncho extract (Cactus-E, $2^{\circ}Brix$) for preparation of PGRC stick product with FPGRE using response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental conditions were designed according to a central composite design with 20 experimental points, including three replicates for three independent variables such as amount of PGRC (8~12 g), FPGRE (0~20 g), and Cactus-E (0~20 g). The experimental data for the sensory evaluation and functional properties based on antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity were fitted with the quadratic model, and accuracy of equations was analyzed by ANOVA. For the responses, sensory and functional properties showed significant correlation with contents of three independent variables. The results indicate that addition of PGRC contributed to increased bitterness and acridity based on the sensory test and antimicrobial activity, addition of FPGRE contributed to increased antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity, and addition of Cactus-E contributed to increased fluidity based on the sensory test, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. Based on the results of RSM, the optimum formulation of PGRC stick product was calculated as PGRC 8.456 g, FPGRE 20.00 g, and Cactus-Ex 20.00 g with minimal bitterness and acridity, as well as optimized fluidity, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.135-147
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• 2008

Objectives: Oriental pear was used as traditional remedies for respiratory diseases like cough and asthma etc. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of preventing asthma by the combination of phenolic compound extracted from pear and herbal drugs. Methods: In order to study the effects of preventing asthma by the combination of phenolic compound extracted from pear and herbal drugs(Platycodon grandiflorum, Prunus armeniaca) on allergic asthma, mice were pre-treated by oral administration of the solution before antigen sensitization for 10 days and 20days. And 2 days later, mice were actively sensitized with a subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin and 13 days later, they were provoked with ovalbumin aerosols. The experimental groups were divided 6groups(10d1P, 10d2P, 10d4P, 20d1P, 20d2P and 20d4P) by meditation quantity and period. We measured isometric contractile responses to acetylcholine(ACh) and KCl in the isolated tracheal smooth muscle(TSM), IL-4, eosinophil and lymphocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF), IgE in serum, WBC, RBC and hemoglobin in blood. Results: Contractile responses of TSM to ACh, the sensitivity of TSM to Ach and the maximal contractile response of TSM to KCl were decreased by direct proportion of meditation quantity. Eosinophil and IL-4 level in BALF were more significantly decreased, and IgE level in serum was more significantly increased in 10d4P and 20d4P group than the control group. Conclusions: Based on the above results, it is assumed that oral administration of the combination of phenolic compound extracted from pear and herbal drugs(Platycodon grandiflorum, Prunus armeniaca) can help the preventing effects of allergic asthma.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 1997

Seed germination test done in laboratory does not coincide with field emergence in general. The experiments were carried out to examine the effect of priming and $GA_3$, treatment to seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum; Codonopsis lanceolata and C. pilosula on lapsed time to first seedling emergence, seedling emergence, morphological characters and growth and the cause of poor emergence of C. pilosula. No-treatment as Control (water), priming or $GA_3$ treatment was done with only distilled water for 2 days, $CA(NO_3)_2$ 150 mM for 2 days or $GA_3$ 0.1 mM for 3 days, respectively. Seedling emergence rate was counted every 2 days but morphological characters and dry weight of shoot and root were measured on 38 days after sowing. Their internal seed structures were examined with Scanning Electron Microscope. C. pilosula had poorer seedling emergence rate than P grandiflorum and C. lanceolata showing nearly same rate: Compared to the other treatment (s) P. grandiflorum displayed higher rate in priming and $GA_3$, treatments but C. lanceolata or C. pilosula did the greatest rate in only $GA_3$ or priming treatment, respectively. $GA_3$ treatment to seeds of P. grandiflorum and C. lanceolata shortened the lapsed time to seedling emergence in comparison with Control, 2-days water imbibition before sowing. In all the species plant height and number of leaves per seedling became shorter and less in priming treatment than the other treatments except plant height of C. Pilosula while their hypocotyl length was nearly same in all treatments. Although priming treatment had nearly similar effect to morphological characters, $GA_3$ treatment forced greater shoot, root and aftermath total dry weight per seedling. Poor seedling emergence of C. pilosula was caused by its seed defect like cleavage or lack of embryo, poor development of embryo and endosperm or their separation.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2002

In vitro bioassays of aqueous extracts of 25 herbal species were performed by ovicidal activity against Strongvloides venuelensis. 500 mg of feces from Mongorian gerbil infected with S. venuelensis were placed into polyvinyl culture with extracts of herb and anthelmintic drugs in triplicates. Larval activity inside the polyvinyl bag was recorded microscopically at 12 hours, and every 24 hours thereafter for up to 72 hrs incubation. Eggs were not hatched within 72 hrs and degeneration was evident in the presence of extracts. The ovicidal activity characterized by the absence of L$_3$ in fecal cultures inside the polyvinyl bag. 1. Among 25 herbs, 12 herbs had ovicidal effects and caused degeneration of larvae in egg. S. angustifolia, I. helenium, A. korenum, P. tenuifolia, F. virridissima, A. asiatica, S. chinensis, A. tataricus, S. baicalensis, M. rimosa, S. glabra and Z. piperitum were the most ovicidal effect. However, P. thunbergiana, T. chinensis, C. flos, G. uralensis, C. obutusifolia, C. fortunei, A. koreana, P. grandiflorum, P. tenuifolia (Radix), P. mume and A. asphodelodes showed no ovicidal effects in vinyl bag culture. 2. Of 25 hrebs, 4 herbs had ovicidal and wormicidal effects, P. thunbergiana, C. flos, B. Striata and T. chinensis were characterized by degeneration of larvae.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

This study was carried out to determine the optimal medium composition and growth regulators for the micropropagation of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. Nodes containing yellow green petals were used as plant materials to execute the study. The best performance of adventitious root development was found in 1/4 strength of MS basal salt and the growth was satisfactory in the concentration of 1/2 MS medium. The best condition for adventitious root development and growth was observed in the higher concentration (5%) of sucrose and activated charcoal free 1/4MS medium respectively. Adventitious roots were developed at the controlled culture medium at pH 4.8 with a tendency of suppression with higher levels of pH. However, it was prevailed that the development and growth depended on the concentration of agar. The lower concentration of agar (0.4%) was performed better than that of higher concentration (1.2%), whereas the agar concentration (0.4%) showed the best performance for the development and growth of adventitious roots. For the development of shoots containing node, BA combined with IAA was more effective than kinetin with IAA or NAA. The highest shoot development (3.9 shoots per explant) was performed on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L IAA.