• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.3-8
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• 2016

Purpose SUV is one of the parameters that assist diagnosis in origin, metastasis and staging of cancer. Specially, it is important to compare SUV before and after chemo or radiation therapy to find out effectiveness of treatment. Storing PET data which has no quantitative change is needed for SUV comparison. However, there is a possibility to loss the data in external hard drive or MINIpacs that are managed by department of nuclear medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate SUV and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) among reconstructed data (R-D) in workstation, R-D and re-sliced data (S-D) in PACS. Materials and Methods Data of 20 patients (aged $60.5{\pm}8.3y$) underwent $^{18}F-FDG$ PET (Biograph truepoint 40, mCT 40, mCT 64, mMR, Siemens) study were analysed. $SUV_{max}$, $SUV_{peak}$ and MTV were measured in liver, aorta and tumor after sending R-D in workstation, R-D and S-D in PACS to syngo.via software. Results R-D of workstation and PACS showed the same value as mean $SUV_{max}$ in liver, aorta and tumor were $2.95{\pm}0.59$, $2.35{\pm}0.61$, $10.36{\pm}6.15$ and $SUV_{peak}$ were $2.70{\pm}0.51$, $2.07{\pm}0.43$, $7.67{\pm}3.73$(p>0.05) respectively. Mean $SUV_{max}$ of S-D in PACS were decreased by 5.18%, 7.22%, 12.11% and $SUV_{peak}$ 2.61%, 3.63%, 10.07%(p<0.05). Correlation between R-D and S-D were $SUV_{max}$ 0.99, 0.96, 0.99 and $SUV_{peak}$ 0.99, 0.99, 0.99. And 2SD in balnd-altman analysis were $SUV_{max}$ 0.125, 0.290, 1.864 and $SUV_{peak}$ 0.053, 0.103, 0.826. MTV of R-D in workstation and PACS show the same value as $14.21{\pm}12.72cm^3$(p>0.05). MTV in PACS was decreased by 0.12% compared to R-D(p>0.05). Correlation and 2SD between R-D and S-D were 0.99 and 2.243. Conclusion $SUV_{max}$, $SUV_{peak}$, MTV showed the same value in both of R-D in workstation and PACS. However, there was statistically difference in $SUV_{max}$, $SUV_{peak}$ of S-D compare to R-D despite of high correlation. It is possible to analyse reliable pre and post SUV if storing R-D in main hospital PACS system.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.426-431
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• 2006

Novel azacrown ether containing blue -light emitting anthracene fluorophore, 9,10-bis [p-(1-aza-18-crown-6)methylphenyl] anthracene (3) and N,N-bis [9-(p-methylphenyl) anthracenyl-methyl] -1,6-diaza-18-crown-6 (4) were prepared by reacting anthracene derivatives 1 and 2 with mono- and diaza-18-crown-6, respectively Also, crown ether containing fluorophore copolymer (5) were prepared by reacting 1,6-diaza-18-crown-6 with 1. Their fluorescence emission spectral studies were investigated by binding group I, group II and various metal cations. The fluorophores showed an absorption at ${\lambda}_{max}$= 372 nm and an emission at ${\lambda}_{max}$= 430 nm. pH Dependency of fluorescence emission intensity were examined to determine the optimum pH for the fluorophores.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.435-441
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• 1998

Optimal conditions for the production of natural color, betacyanin were investigated by varying light intensity, C/N ratio, concentrations of phosphate and kinds of elicitors. Batch cultivation was employed to characterize cell growth and betacyanin production of 32 days. The maximum specific growth rate, ${\mu}$$\sub$max/, was 0.3 (1/day) for batch cultivation. The maximum specific production rate, q$\^$max/$\sub$p/, was enhanced 0.11 (mg/g-cell/day) at 3 klux. A light intensity of 3 klux was shown to the best for both cell growth and betacyanin production. The maximum specific production rate was 0.125 (mg/g-cell/day) at 0.242 (1/day), the maximum specific growth rate. The dependence of specific growth rate on the light lintensity is fit to the photoinhibition model. The correlation between ${\mu}$ and q$\sub$p/ showed that the product formation parameters, ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$$\sub$p/ were 0.3756 (mg/cell) and 0.001 (mg/g-cell/day), respectively. The betacyanin production was partially cell growth related process, which is different from the production of a typical product in plant cell cultures. In C/N ratio experiment, high carbon concentration, 42.1 (w/w) improved cell growth rate while lower concentration, 31.6 (w/w) increased the betacyanin production rate. The ${\mu}$$\sub$max/ and q$\^$max/$\sub$p/ were 0.26 (1/day) and 0.075 (mg/g-cell/day), respectively. Beta vulgaris L. cells under 1.25 mM phosphate concentration produced 10.15 mg/L betacyanin with 13.46 (g-dry wt./L) of maximum cell density. The production of betacyanin was elongated by adding 0.1 ${\mu}$M of kinetin. This also increased the cell growth. Optimum culture conditions of light intensity, C/N, phosphate concentration were obtained as 5.5 klux, 27 (w/w), 1.25 mM, respectively by the response surface methodology. The maximum cell density, X$\sub$max/, and maximum production, P$\sub$max/, in optimized conditions were 16 (g-dry wt./L), 12.5 (mg/L) which were higher than 8 (g-dry wt./L), 4.48 (mg/L) in normal conditions. The ${\mu}$$\sub$max/ and q$\^$max/$\sub$p/ were 0.376 (1/day) and 0.134 (mg/g-cell/day) at the optimal condition. The overall results may be useful in scaling up hairy root cell culture system for commercial production of betacyanin.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2024

Background: Missing isoniazid (INH) resistance during tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis can worsen the outcomes of INH-resistant TB. The BD MAX MDR-TB assay (BD MAX) facilitates the rapid detection of TB and INH and rifampin (RIF) resistance; however, data related to its performance in clinical setting remain limited. Moreover, its effect on treatment outcomes has not yet been studied. Methods: We compared the performance of BD MAX for the detection of INH/RIF resistances to that of the line probe assay (LPA) in patients with pulmonary TB (PTB), using the results of a phenotypic drug sensitivity test as a reference standard. The treatment outcomes of patients who used BD MAX were compared with those of patients who did not. Results: Of the 83 patients included in the study, the BD MAX was used for an initial PTB diagnosis in 39 patients. The sensitivity of BD MAX for detecting PTB was 79.5%. The sensitivity and specificity of BD MAX for INH resistance were both 100%, whereas these were 50.0% and 95.8%, respectively, for RIF resistance. The sensitivity and specificity of BD MAX were comparable to those of LPA. The BD MAX group had a shorter time interval from specimen request to the initiation of anti-TB drugs (2.0 days vs. 5.5 days, p=0.001). Conclusion: BD MAX showed comparable performance to conventional tests for detecting PTB and INH/RIF resistances. The implementation of BD MAX as a diagnostic tool for PTB resulted in a shorter turnaround time for the initiation of PTB treatment.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.257-266
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• 2015

There is no polynomial-time algorithm that can be obtain the optimal solution for economic load dispatch problem with non-convex fuel cost functions. Therefore, electrical field uses quadratic fuel cost function unavoidably. This paper proposes a valve-point optimization (VPO) algorithm for economic load dispatch problem with non-convex fuel cost functions. This algorithm sets the initial values to maximum powers $P_i{\leftarrow}P_i^{max}$ for each generator. It then reduces the generation power of generator i with an average power cost of $_{max}\bar{c}_i$ to a valve point power $P_{ik}$. The proposed algorithm has been found to perform better than the extant heuristic methods when applied to 13 and 40-generator benchmark data. This paper consequently proves that the optimal solution to economic load dispatch problem with non-convex fuel cost functions converges to the valve-point power of each generator.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.07b
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• pp.906-911
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• 2004

In this paper, we used only PR as etching mask, while it used usually Cr/AU as etching mask, and in order to fabricate a photosensor has the increased sensitivity, we investigated on the sensitivity of general type and p-i-n type diode. we designed microchannel size width max 10um, min 5um depth max 10um, reservoir size max 100um, min 2mm. Fabrication of microfluidic devices in glass substrate by glass wet etching methods and glass to glass fusion bonding. The p-i-n diode has higher sensitivity than photodiode. Considering these results, we fabricated p-i-n diodes on the high resistive($4k{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$) wafer into rectangle and finger pattern and compared internal resistance of each pattern. The internal resistance of p-i-n diode can be decreased by the application of finger pattern has parallel resistance structure from $571\Omega$ to $393\Omega$.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.538-545
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• 2007

Purpose: We evaluated correlation of $^{18}F$-FDG uptakes, therapeutic response and relapse in pre-treatment $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT in patients with SCLC. Materials and methods: We included 26 patients with pathologically proven small cell lung cancer. Total 102 lesions (26 lungs, 69 lymph nodes and 8 metastatic lesions) were evaluated. All patients underwent $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT for staging. The maxSUV was used as a parameter of $^{18}F$-FDG uptake. The patients were divided into responders and non-responders according to response criteria on chest CT scan after 3 cycles of chemotherapy. We compared maxSUV between two groups by using independent t-test. To access correlation with $^{18}F$-FDG uptake and relapse, maxSUV and interval time to relapse was analyzed by correlation analysis. The cutoff value of maxSUV was evaluated by ROC curve. Results: Twelve-one patients (81%) were responders and five patients were non-responders on follow-up chest CT scan. The mean maxSUV of main lung lesions in responders and non-responders were $14.15{\pm}3.72$ and $9.17{\pm}2.15$, respectively. The maxSUV in the responders was significantly lower than that in non-responders (p<0.05). According to ROC curve, point of cut that predicts therapeutic response was 8.98 with 100% sensitivity and 57% specificity. The correlation analysis between $^{18}F$-FDG uptakes and interval time to relapse showed a significant negative correlation (p<0.05, r=-0.757). Conclusion: The pre-treatment $^{18}F$-FDG uptake of responders was significantly lower than that of non-responders. Patients with high $^{18}F$-FDG uptake in pre-treatment $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT relapse earlier.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.600-608
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• 2017

Hazard risk of explosion on pharmaceutical raw materials dust in pharmaceutical industry often exists when it is handled or processed in the industrial sites, and explosion accident is caused by this. In this study, the dust explosion characteristics of the three pharmaceutical raw materials samples were measured. The main explosion characteristics are as follows: $P_{max}$, MIE and MIT of loxoprofen acid having $5.31^{\circ}C$ of median diameter are obtained 8.4 bar, 1 mJ < MIE < 3 mJ and $550^{\circ}C$. $P_{max}$, MIE and MIT of camphorsulfonate having $95.63^{\circ}C$ of median diameter are obtained 7.9 bar, 30 mJ < MIE < 100 mJ and $510^{\circ}C$. $P_{max}$, MIE and MIT of rifampicine having $26.48^{\circ}C$ of median diameter are obtained 7.9 bar and 1 mJ < MIE < 3 mJ and $470^{\circ}C$. The deflagration index ($K_{st}$) and the explosion index (EI) were obtained by using these data. The explosion hazard assessment of pharmaceutical raw materials dust was compared and examined. As a result, the explosion hazard assessment according to deflagration index and explosion index were the explosion class with St 2 and the explosion hazard rating of severe for loxoprofen acid & rifampicine and St 1 and strong for clopidogrel camphorsulfonate, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.633-650
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematics of young adults during ascent ramp climbing at different inclinations. Twenty-three subjects ascended a four step at four different inclinations(level, $8^{\circ},\;16^{\circ},\;24^{\circ}$). The 3-D kinematics was analysed by a camera-based falcon system. Groups difference was tested with one -way ANOVA and SNK test. The different kinematic patterns of ramp ascent were analysed and compared to level walking patterns. The kinematics of ramp walking could be clearly distinguished from the kinematics of level walking. In sagittal plane, Ankle joint was more dorsiflexed at initial contact and Max. dorsiflex. during stance phase with $16^{\circ},\;24^{\circ}$ inclination and more plantarflexed at toe off and Max. plantarflex. during swing phase with $24^{\circ}$(p<.001). Knee joint was more flexed at initial contact with $16^{\circ},\;24^{\circ}$ inclination(p<.001). Hip joint was more flexed at initial contact and Max. flex. during swing phase with $16^{\circ},\;24^{\circ}$ inclination and at toe off with $24^{\circ}$(p<.001) and was more extended at Max. ext. during stance phase with $24^{\circ}$(p<.05). In frontal plane, ankle joint was more everted at Max. eversion. during stance phase with $16^{\circ},\;24^{\circ}$ inclination(p<.001). Knee joint was more increased at Max. varus. during stance phase with $16^{\circ},\;24^{\circ}$ inclination(p<.001). Hip joint was not differentiated with different inclinations. In horizontal plane, all joints were not differentiated with different inclinations. Conclusionally, In ascent ramp walking, the different gait pattern generally occurred at over $16^{\circ}$ on the ascending ramp in sagittal and frontal plane. These results suggest that there is a certain inclination angle or angular range where subjects do switch between a level walking and a ascent ramp walking gait pattern. This shows their motor control strategy between level and ascent ramp walking. Further studies are necessary to confirm and detect the ascent ramp gait patterns.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hip external rotation angle on pelvis and lower limb muscle activity during prone hip extension. Sixteen healthy men were recruited for this study. Each subject performed an abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) in a prone position, and extended the dominant hip at three different hip external rotation angles ($0^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $40^{\circ}$) with a $30^{\circ}$ hip joint abduction. Activity of the gluteus maximus (G Max), gluteus medius (G Med), and hamstring (HAM) and the G Max/HAM and G Med/HAM ratios were determined with surface electromyography (EMG). The EMG signal was normalized to 100% maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) and expressed as %MVIC. Data were analyzed by one-way repeated analysis of variance (alpha level=.05) and the Bonferroni post hoc test. Significant differences in G Max and G Med muscle activity were noted among the three different hip external rotation angles. G Max muscle activity increased significantly at both $40^{\circ}$ (p=.006) and $20^{\circ}$ (p=.010) compared to a $0^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angle. G Med muscle activity increased significantly at $20^{\circ}$ (p=.013) compared to a $40^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angle. The G Max/HAM activity ratio increased significantly at both $40^{\circ}$ (p=.004) and $20^{\circ}$ (p=.014) compared to a $0^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angle. The G Med/HAM activity ratio increased significantly at $20^{\circ}$ (p=.013) compared to a $40^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angle. In conclusion, $40^{\circ}$ and $20^{\circ}$ hip external rotation angles are recommended to increase G Max activity, and $20^{\circ}$ hip external rotation is advocated to enhance G Med muscle activity during prone hip extension with ADIM and $30^{\circ}$ hip abduction in healthy subjects.