• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
• /
• 1990.04a
• /
• pp.65-69
• /
• 1990

The elastic analysis of floor slabs using the p-version of finite element method encounters stress singularities at certain types of reentrant corners, openings and cut-outs. Results obtained using the computer code based on C$\^$o/-hierarchic plate element formulated by Reissner-Mindlin theory are compared with theoretical predictions and with computational results reported in the literature. The convergence rate of h-, p- and hp-version can be estimated on the basis of the energy norm in global sense. If accuracy in terns of the number of degrees-of-freedom is used as a criterion, the solutions presented here are the most efficient that have been published up to date. Examples are the rhombic plate with the obtuse angle of 150o and the square plate with cut-outs.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.307-323
• /
• 2009

This article presents the differential system that governs the mechanical behaviour of a curved-beam element, with varying cross-section area, subjected to generalized load. This system is solved by an exact procedure or by the application of a new numerical recurrence scheme relating the internal forces and displacements at the two end-points of an increase in its centroid-line. This solution has a transfer matrix structure. Both the stiffness matrix and the equivalent load vector are obtained arranging the transfer matrix. New structural matrices have been defined, which permit to determine directly the unknown values of internal forces and displacements at the two supported ends of the curved-beam element. Examples are included for verification.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.54-60
• /
• 1988

During recent years, a great deal of interest has emerged on the use of adaptive approaches and a posteriori estimates in finite element method. The results are intended to be used to improve the quality of finite element solution by changing the location of the nodes within a fixed number of degrees of freedom-so called r method-, and by increasing the order of polynomial approximation with the new degrees of freedom-p method. This paper deals with error analysis that contains the basic theory and method of deriving error estimates and adaptive processes applied to finite element solutions underlying the rpm method that is the combination of r and p method of finite element. It is shown that we can obtain more accurate solution by applying the method to the 2-dimensional heat transfer problem.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.177-185
• /
• 1995

두 지역에서 채집한 초파리 자연집단에 대하여 난소발생이상 실험에 의한 P 인자 활성과 세포질형을 분석하여 P 전이인자의 계통형을 조사하였다 전체 238 isofemale line을 조사한 결과 strong P와 true M은 존재하지 않았고, 0(weak P)와 M'(pseudo M) strain이 전체의 98.74%를 차지하여 가장 우세하게 분포하고 있었다. P$\pi$25.1 probe를 이용한 in situ hybridization을 행하여 P 전이인자의 copy수를 조사한 결과 평균 42.12개로 나타났으며, 0와 M'의 계통형 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다 그러나 염색체 firm당 COPy수는 X염색체가 상염색체의 좌 우 각 arm보다 다소 높게 분포하고 있었고. 염색체상 P 전이인자의 삽입부위에 대한 특이적 좌위는 존재하지 않았다 P 전이인자의 분자구조에 대한 변이형을 조사하기 위하여 southern blot hybridization을 행한 결과 2.9kb의 완전한 크기의 분자를 포함하여 여러종류의 단편들이 확인되었다 조사한 모든 isofemale line에서 KP(1. 15kb)인자를 포함하고 있었으며 이들 KP인자가 P-M System의 난소발생이상을 표현하는데 있어 억제적 작용을 하는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• v.5 no.2_3_4
• /
• pp.301-316
• /
• 2002

An important goal of computational wind engineering is to impact the design process with simulations of flow around buildings and bridges. One challenging aspect of this goal is to solve the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations accurately. For the unsteady computations, an adaptive finite element technique may reduce the computer time and storage. The preliminary application of a p-version as well as an h-version adaptive technique to computational wind engineering has been reported in previous paper. The details on the implementation of p-adaptive technique will be discussed in this paper. In this technique, two posteriori error estimations, which are based on the velocity and vorticity, are first presented. Then, the polynomial order of the interpolation function is increased continuously element by element until the estimated error is less than the accepted. The second through sixth orders of hierarchical functions are used as the interpolation polynomials. Unequal order interpolations are used for velocity and pressure. Using the flow around a circular cylinder with Reynolds number of 1000 the two error estimators are compared. The result show that the estimated error based on the velocity is lower than that based on the vorticity.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.751-766
• /
• 2004

This paper extends the use of the hierarchic degenerated shell element to geometric non-linear analysis of composite laminated skew plates by the p-version of the finite element method. For the geometric non-linear analysis, the total Lagrangian formulation is adopted with moderately large displacement and small strain being accounted for in the sense of von Karman hypothesis. The present model is based on equivalent-single layer laminate theory with the first order shear deformation including a shear correction factor of 5/6. The integrals of Legendre polynomials are used for shape functions with p-level varying from 1 to 10. A wide variety of linear and non-linear results obtained by the p-version finite element model are presented for the laminated skew plates as well as laminated square plates. A numerical analysis is made to illustrate the influence of the geometric non-linear effect on the transverse deflections and the stresses with respect to width/depth ratio (a/h), skew angle (${\beta}$), and stacking sequence of layers. The present results are in good agreement with the results in literatures.

• Computational Structural Engineering
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.101-111
• /
• 1990

The elastic analysis of floor slabs using the p-version of finite element method encounters stress singularities at certain types of reentrant corners, openings and cut-outs. Results obtained using the computer code based on C.deg. - hierarchic plate element formulated by Reissner-Mindlin theory are compared with theoretical predictions and with computational results reported in the literature. The convergence rate of h-, p- and hp-version can be estimated on the basis of the energy norm in global sense. If accuracy in terms of the number of degree-of-freedom is used as a criterion, the solutions presented here are the most efficient that have been published up to date. Examples are the rhombic plate with the obtuse angle of 150.deg. and the square plate with cut-outs.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.181-186
• /
• 2000

The expression of $p21^{WAF1/ClP1/SDl1}$, one of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, is regulated by a variety of transcription factors including p53 and STAT. Heat shock induces the expression of p21 in a temperature- and time-dependent manner. Although the p21 induction by heat shock has been reported to be controlled by p53, a p53-independent mechanism Is also involved. To understand the p53-independent regulation of heat shock-induced p21 expression, we searched the promoter region of p21 gene and found one or two heat shock element (HSE)-like sequences in human, rat, and mouse. Electromobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that heat shock factor (HSF) could bind to these HSE-like sequences In response to heat shock, even though to a lesser extent than to HSE. In addition, p21 promoter deletion analysis revealed that heat shock activated a p21 deletion promoter construct containing the HSE-like sequences but lacking p53-binding sites, but not a promoter construct containing neither HSE-like sequences nor the p53-responsive element. Furthermore, the p21 induction by heat shook was significantly inhibited in confluent cells in which heat shock-induced HSF activation was reduced. These results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of p21 by heat shock may be mediated through activation and binding to HSE-like sequences of HSF.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.12 no.4_1
• /
• pp.67-76
• /
• 1992

A hierarchical formulation based on p-version of the finite element method for linear elastic axisymmetric stress analysis is presented. This is accomplished by introducing additional nodal variables in the element displacement approximation on the basis of integrals of Legendre polynomials. Since the displacement approximation is hierarchical, the resulting element stiffness matrix and equivalent nodal load vectors are hierarchical also. The merits of the propoosed element are as follow: i) improved conditioning, ii) ease of joining finite elements of different polynomial order, and iii) utilizing previous solutions and computation when attempting a refinement. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, modeling convenience, robustness and overall superiority of the present formulation. The results obtained from the present formulation are also compared with those available in the literature as well as with the analytical solutions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
• /
• 2000.11a
• /
• pp.124-128
• /
• 2000

The high Tc phase disappeared and low Tc phase increased in the substitution of transistion elements for Bi ions. The high Tc phase decreased in the substitution of Si and Sn for Bi ions. The high Tc phase increased in the substitution of Sb, As and P Which Were the same group of Bi for Bi ions. The substitution of P ions was the most effective and then the high Tc phase was formed in large quantity by replacing Bi ions with 30%of P ions.