• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.622-629
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• 2018

Expansins are cell wall proteins that mediate cell wall loosening and promote specific tissue and organ morphogenesis in plants and in some microorganisms. Unlike plant expansins, the biological functions of fungal expansin-like proteins have rarely been discussed. In the present study, an expansin-like protein-encoding fvexpl1 gene, was identified from Flammulina velutipes by using local BLAST. It consisted of five exons with a total length of 822 bp. The deduced protein FVEXPL1 contained 274 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass and isoelectric point of 28,589 Da and pH 4.93, respectively. The first 19 amino acids from the N terminal are the signal peptide. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple protein alignment indicated FVEXPL1 was an expansin-like protein. The expression level of fvexpl1 gene in the stipe was significantly higher than that in the mycelia, primordia, and cap. However, the expression level of fvexpl1 gene was significantly higher in the fast elongation region of the stipe as compared with the slow elongation region. Expression analysis indicated that fvexpl1 gene might have an auxiliary role in the stipe morphogenesis of F. velutipes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.245-256
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• 2001

The morphological characteristics of spermatogenic cells during the spermiogenesis of Paradoxornis webbiana were studied by transmission electron microscope. Spermiogenesis of P. webbiana was divided into ten phase. The chromatin granules became fibrous granules at the Golgi phase, gradually condensed at the cap phases, condensed as a stick at the acrosomal phase, and finally, a perfect nucleus was formed at the maturation phase. The formation of sperm tail began at the early Golgi phase, and completed at the late maturation phase. In particular, the dense materials existed in the sperm neck, which is wedged between the tip of segmented columns and the first mitochondria of the middle piece. The axone in the neck were surrounded by the dense materials. The axonema in spermatozoon contains a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules: 9 doublets, and 2 central single microtubules. Mitochondrial bundles of middle piece were composed of a pair of arms, which surrounded the axone of the middle piece by the $15^{\circ}$ angled-helical structure. The outer membrane of mitochondria were surrounded by microtubules in plasma membrane of the sperm. The undulating membrane had a helical structure, and the sperm plasma membrane was surrounded by undulating membrane.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.513-518
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• 1998

Fluoxetine is a nontricyclic antidepressant which blocks serotonin reuptake selectively. Its N-demethyl metabolite, norfluoxetine is also selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake . This study was carried out to compare the bioavailability of Myung-in fluoxetine (20mg/cap.) with that of Prozac$^{\circde{R}}$. The bioavailability was conducted on 24 healthy volunteers who received a single dose (80mg) of each drug in the fasting state, in a randomized balanced 2-way crossover design. After closing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 48 hours, Plasma was analyzed for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine by a sensitive and validated HPLC assay. The major pharmacokinetic parameters ($AUC_{0-48\;hr}$, Cmax, Tmax , $AUC_{inf.}$, MRT. $T_{1/2}$, Vd and Cl) were, calculated from the plasma fluoxetine concentration-time data of each volunteer. The microcomputer program, 'WinNonlin' was used for compartmental analysis. A two-compartment model with first-order input, first-order output and no lag time was chosen as the most appropriate pharmacokinetic model. The data were best described by using a weighting factor of $1/y^2$. Though the plasma fluoxetine concentrations of Myung-in fluoxetine were higher than those of Prozac$^{\circde{R}}$ at all observed time from 7.9% to 16.9% (P<0.05 at 6.7 and 10 hr), the bioavailability of Myung-in fluoxetine appeared to be bioequivalent with that of Prozac$^{\circde{R}}$. There were no statistical significant differences between the two drugs in all pharmacokinetic parameters including $AUC_{0-48\;hr}$ of norfluoxetine.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Three types of clonal cell lines were isolated according to their size and phenotype from the adherent cell populations in long-term liquid cultures from the embryonic fibroblast cells of Zebrafish, Danio rerio. All kind of cell lines were well proliferated. The size and number of clonal cell lines derived colonies from stable embryonic cells were significantly increased in the presence of NAC and A2P conditioned medium from the cell lines. The stable cell lines and clonal cell lines were cap-able of well proliferation in vitro. These cell lines have been maintained in continuous culture without change in characteristics. A majority of the clonal cells (80%) was shown a normal chromosomal complement (50 chromosomes, 2N) in according with FACs analysis. Majority of cells were positive to vimentin staining and none of them were positive for nestin and Oct -4 by immunocytochemistry. These results indicate that the clonal cell lines obtained from cultured cells are fibroblasts and may be extremely useful in genetic manipulation for further nuclear transfer and fish cloning.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2000

This study was carried out to find a useful mushroom at Chungnam Agricultural Research And Extention Service. Twenty materials used were collected from domestic and exotic area. These races were compared bontanical characteristics to leading varieties by PCR-RAPD methods. Mycelial growth temperature of Chongpung and Myongwol were at 20 to 25 $^{\circ}C$ and 25 to 30 $^{\circ}C$ at PDA medium, respectively mycelial growth of these varieties were similiar at pH 6.5 to 7.5. In case of mushroom cultivation temperature ranges, Chongpung was at 5 to 26$^{\circ}C$ and Myongwol was at 7 to 28$^{\circ}C$, but the optimum temperature range of these were appeared at 15 to 19$^{\circ}C$. Culture temperature of these was 23$^{\circ}C$ and period of mycelial culture was needed 23 to 24 days under 850cc/pp, while was needed 11 to 12 days at waste cotton medium. Cap color of these at first inducing mushroom was all dark blue, but at late growing stages Chongpung was shown as grey, and Myongwol was shown as dark grey. Yield of Chongpung was appeared as 46kg/3.3$m^2$ and that of Myongwol was 41kg /3.3$m^2$, while Chunchu No2 as check was 40kg/3.3$m^2$. Results from PDA medium and PCR-RAPD analysis two of these were different from others.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.423-434
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• 2015

The study was conducted to compare the effects of different agro-wastes on the growth, yield, and nutritional composition of oyster mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) and Pleurotus cystidiosus (PC). Seven substrate formulas including sawdust (SD), corncob (CC), sugarcane bagasse (SB) alone and in combination of 80 : 20, 50 : 50 ratio between SD and CC, SD and SB were investigated. The results indicated that different substrate formulas gave a significant difference in total colonization period, characteristics of fruiting bodies, yield, biological efficiency (BE), nutritional composition and mineral contents of two oyster mushrooms PO and PC. The results showed that increasing CC and SB reduced C/N ratio, and enhanced some mineral contents (Ca, P, and Mg) of substrate formulas. The increased amount of CC and SB of substrate formulas enhanced protein, ash, mineral contents (Ca, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn) of fruiting bodies of both mushrooms. Substrates with 100% CC and 100% SB were the most suitable substrate formulas for cultivation of oyster mushrooms PO and PC in which they gave the highest values of cap diameter, stipe thickness, mushroom weight, yield, BE, protein, fiber, ash, mineral content (Ca, K, and Mg) and short stipe length. However, substrate formula 100% CC gave the slowest time for the first harvest of both mushrooms PO and PC (46.02 days and 64.24 days, respectively). It is also found that the C/N ratio of substrate formulas has close correlation with total colonization period, mushroom weight, yield, BE and protein content of mushroom PO and PC.

• Current Applied Physics
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1458-1464
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• 2018

An improved method for the preparation of g-$C_3N_4$ is described. Currently, heating (> $400^{\circ}C$) of urea is the common method used for preparing the g-$C_3N_4$. We have found that sonication of melamine in $HNO_3$ solution, followed by washing with anhydrous ethanol, not only reduce the crystallite size of g-$C_3N_4$ but also facilitate intriguing electronic structure and photoluminescence (PL) properties. Moreover, loading of metal (Pt and Ag) nanoparticles, by applying the borohydride reduction method, has resulted in multicolor-emission from g-$C_3N_4$. With the help of PL spectra and local electronic structure study, at C K-edge, N K-edge, Pt L-edge and Ag K-edge by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), a precise mechanism of tunable luminescence is established. The PL mechanism ascribes the amendments in the transitions, via defect and/or metal states assimilation, between the ${\pi}^*$ states of tris-triazine ring of g-$C_3N_4$ and lone pair states of nitride. It is evidenced that interaction between the C/N 2p and metal 4d/5d orbitals of Ag/Pt has manifested a net detraction in the ${\delta}^*{\rightarrow}LP$ transitions and enhancement in the ${\pi}^*{\rightarrow}LP$ and ${\pi}^*{\rightarrow}{\pi}$ transitions, leading to broad PL spectra from g-$C_3N_4$ organic semiconductor compound.

• Current Applied Physics
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1465-1472
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• 2018

The magnetic and optical properties of Ce-doped ZnO systems have been widely demonstrated, but the effects of different strains of Ce-doped ZnO systems remain unclear. To solve these problems, this study identified the effects of biaxial strain on the electronic structure, absorption spectrum, and magnetic properties of Ce-doped ZnO systems by using a generalized gradient approximation + U (GGA + U) method with plane wave pseudopotential. Under unstrained conditions, the formation energy decreased, the system became stable, and the doping process became easy with the increase in the distances between two Ce atoms. The band gap of the systems with different strains became narrower than that of undoped ZnO without strain, and the absorption spectra showed a red shift. The band gap narrowed, and the red shift became weak with the increase of compressive strain. By contrast, the band gap widened, and the red shift became significant with the increase of tensile strain. The red shift was significant when the tensile strain was 3%. The systems with -1%, 0%, and 1% strains were ferromagnetic. For the first time, the magnetic moment of the system with -1% strain was found to be the largest, and the system showed the greatest beneficial value for diluted magnetic semiconductors. The systems with -3%, -2%, 2%, and 3% strains were non-magnetic, and they had no value for diluted magnetic semiconductors. The ferromagnetism of the system with -1% strain was mainly caused by the hybrid coupling of Ce-4f, Ce-5d, and O-2p orbits. This finding was consistent with Zener's Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida theory. The results can serve as a reference for the design and preparation of new diluted magnetic semiconductors and optical functional materials.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.12
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• 2023

Objectives: In this study, natural substances were introduced as primary dental pulp caps for use in pulp therapy, and the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of these substances were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, the antimicrobial properties of calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement, propolis, and propolis individually combined with the extracts of several medicinal plants were investigated against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Then, the cytotoxicity of each substance or mixture against pulp stem cells extracted from 30 primary healthy teeth was evaluated at 4 concentrations. Data were gathered via observation, and optical density values were obtained using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and recorded. SPSS software version 23 was used to analyze the data. Data were evaluated using 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test. Results: Regarding antimicrobial properties, thyme alone and thyme + propolis had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa bacteria. For E. faecalis, thyme + propolis had the lowest MIC, followed by thyme alone. At 24 and 72 hours, thyme + propolis, CEM cement, and propolis had the greatest bioviability in the primary dental pulp stem cells, and lavender + propolis had the lowest bioviability. Conclusions: Of the studied materials, thyme + propolis showed the best results in the measures of practical performance as a dental pulp cap.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2003

To isolate and purify the antimicrobial and antitumor agents in Xanthium strumarium L. hydrothermal extract. The crude extract was extracted in ether or ethylacetate under neutral, acidic, and alkali conditions. The antimicrobial activity of each extract was tested against 16 strains of bacteria, 2 strains of yeast, and 2 strains of fungus. The ether neutral extract (XE-N) exhibited the strongest growth inhibition upon the 8 strains of gram-positive bacteria, 6 strains of gram-negative bacteria and Cryptococcus neoformans. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) testing of XE-N and XEA-N showed growth inhibition of the 3 strains of E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans even at 30 ng/mL, with the exception of p. aeruginosa. XE-N-S1 and XE-N-S3 from neutral ether extract (XE-N), XE-N-S3 from the acidic ether extract (XE-A), and XEA-N-S1 from ethylacetate (XEA-N) were purified as antimicrobial and antitumor agents. However all purified compounds decomposed with the exception of XE-N-S1. The results upon the antitumor activities of the crude extract and of its purified compounds, showed that XE-N-S1 had the best antitumor activity against HeLa cells. In terms of antitumor activity against HepG2 cells, XE-N-S1 and XE-N-S3 were superior, and against HT29 cells XE-N and XE-N-Sl were good, against Saos2, NCI H522, NCI H1703, Clone M3 cells XE-N-51 was very good, and against LN CAP cells XE-N-S3 was the best. Comparing of cellular toxicities various extracts and purified compounds with the existing antitumor agents, XE-A, XEA-A and XEA-B had the lowest toxicity, and XE-B had a lower toxicity than etoposide. XE-N-S1 and XE-N-S3 showed higher toxicities than etoposide, and the toxicity of XE-A-S3 was higher than that of etoposide, and lower than that of csplatin.