• Journal of Communications and Networks
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.294-306
• /
• 2005

Group oriented multicast applications are becoming increasingly popular in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Due to dynamic topology of MANETs, stateless multicast protocols are finding increased acceptance since they do not require maintenance of state information at intermediate nodes. Recently, several multicast schemes have been proposed which scale better' with the number of multicast sessions than traditional multicast strategies. These schemes are also known as explicit multicast (Xcast; explicit list of destinations in the packet header) or small group multicast (SGM). In this paper, we propose a new scheme for small group' multicast in MANETs named extended explicit multicast (E2M), which is implemented on top of Xcast and introduces mechanisms to make it scalable with number of group members for a given multicast session. Unlike other schemes, E2M does not make any assumptions related to network topology or node location. It is based on the novel concept of dynamic selection of Xcast forwarders (XFs) between a source and its potential destinations. The XF selection is based on group membership and the processing overhead involved in supporting the Xcast protocol at a given node. If the number of members in a given session is small, E2M behaves just like the basic Xcast scheme with no intermediate XFs. As group membership increases, nodes may dynamically decide to become an XF. This scheme, which can work with few E2M aware nodes in the network, provides transparency of stateless multicast, reduces header processing overhead, minimizes Xcast control traffic, and makes Xcast scalable with the number of group members.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
• /
• 2021.11a
• /
• pp.1192-1195
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 'AI를 활용한 스마트 홈 서비스' 개발에 관한 것이다. 기존의 다양한 정보를 수집하고 제어하는 홈 IoT서비스에서 본 논문은 더 나아가, AI 기술을 바탕으로 사용자가 자신에게 맞는 형태로 스마트 디바이스들을 제어하여 홈 (Home)을 편리하게 제어할 수 있게 함과 동시에 사용자의 관여없이도 AI를 활용해 자동으로 홈의 상황을 인지하고 동작할 수 있는 P2M + M2M 기술 기반 홈 IoT 서비스를 구현하고자 하였다. 특히 사용자의 동작을 인식해 IoT 기반 기기들을 통합적으로 제어할 수 있도록 모션인식, 영상인식 기술 등 사용자를 인식하고 주변 환경 상태를 실시간으로 측정해 최적의 제어 서비스를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.199-209
• /
• 2024

This study explored how temperature, time, and moisture content affect the rheological properties (apparent viscosity, flow behavior index, and consistency coefficient) of stored tomato and pepper purees. These purees were prepared with moisture contents of 85%, 90%, and 95% (w/v) using the hot-break method and tested over 6 days at 2-day intervals and temperatures of 5℃, 10℃, and 15℃. Results displayed distinct ranges for apparent viscosity, consistency coefficient, and flow behavior indices: tomato puree (2,519.9-4,324.6 mPa·s, 258.0-550.6 mPa·Sn, 1.80-0.48) and pepper puree (2,105.6-4,562.0 mPa·s, 268.4-580.4 mPa·Sn, 0.22-0.48). The temperature and storage time had significant (p≤0.05) effects, but moisture content did not affect these properties. Flow behavior and consistency coefficients demonstrated relative variation with apparent viscosity, indicating pseudoplastic behavior. Optimal processing and storage conditions were identified within specific ranges: 13.21-14.42℃ for 2 days with 92.22-94.23% (w/v) moisture content for pepper, and 8.42-11.77℃ for 2-6 days with 85% (w/v) moisture for tomato.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.47-52
• /
• 2010

Green tobacco sickness (GTS) is known as an occupational disease among tobacco harvesters, and a form of acute nicotine intoxication by the absorption of nicotine through the skin from the wet green tobacco plant. On the assumption that GTS may occur by inhalation as well as absorption of nicotine, we measured the airborne nicotine concentration in tobacco field and the processing room of tobacco leaves. We measured the airborne nicotine concentrations in the tobacco field and processing room between 13 and 30 July 2008. All sampling and analyses of airborne nicotine were conducted according to the manual of analytic methods of NIOSH 2551, and we sampled 2 times at 11 points in the tobacco field by area sampling. The sampling in the processing room of tobacco leaves was conducted at 3 points, and earlymorning dew was collected from the tobacco by wringing the moisture into specimen bottles. The airborne nicotine concentration [geometric mean (geometric standard deviation)] in the tobacco field in the P.M. was higher [49.2 mg/$m^3$ (1.3)] than the A.M. concentration [43.4 mg/$m^3$ (1.4)]. Similarly, the nicotine concentration in the processing room of tobacco leaves was 224.4 mg/$m^3$ (1.2), and the concentration of nicotine in the dew was 64.7 mg/${\ell}$ (1.7). Based on our results, the airborne nicotine concentration in the tobacco field and the processing room of tobacco leaves were 100 and 400 times higher than the occupational recommended values (TLV-TWA of 0.5 mg/$m^3$), respectively. In the future, it is hoped that epidemiologic studies and environmental measurements will be conducted for GTS which occurs by inhalation of nicotine. If GTS is confirmed to occur by inhalation of nicotine, respiratory and dermal protective equipment must be distributed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.6
• /
• pp.670-677
• /
• 2020

To prevent contamination by Campylobacter jejuni during chicken carcass processing, the effect of emulsifiers on C. jejuni inoculated on chicken skin was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Among the 8 emulsifiers (SWA-10D, L-7D, M-7D, S-1670, L-1695, P-1670, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80) tested for antimicrobial activity by the paper disk method, 4 emulsifiers (L-7D, L-1695, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80) were screened further. Emulsifier L-1695 showed the largest clear zone at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. The 4 emulsifiers subjected to primary screening were screened for heat and pH stability. In the contact surface test, emulsifier L-1695 showed the lowest log CFU/㎠ value on both stainless steel and ceramic surfaces. When emulsifier L-1695 was applied via general and electrostatic spray methods, the number of C. jejuni entrapped inside chicken skin follicles was significantly reduced in both methods. In conclusion, the emulsifier L-1695 could be employed as a microbial detachment agent in the chicken carcass processing industry.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.82-88
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate shear bond strengths of $Peak^{(R)}$ Universal Bond (Ultradent, USA) containing 0.2% chlorhexidine in bovine dentin. Total of 30 bovine teeth were divided into three groups, 10 teeth each. Before comparing and evaluating shear bond strength, in group I, $Adper^{TM}$ Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE, USA) was applied, in group II, processing with $Consepsis^{(R)}$ (Ultradent, USA) was followed by applying $Adper^{TM}$ Single Bond Universal, and in group III, $Peak^{(R)}$ Universal Bond was applied and filled with $Filtek^{TM}$ Z-350 XT (3M/ESPE, USA) shade B3. As a result, processing with $Consepsis^{(R)}$ after acid etching showed no statistically significant influence on shear bond strength of dentin (p > 0.05). The shear bond strength of with or without $Consepsis^{(R)}$ on $Adper^{TM}$ Single Bond Universal and that of $Peak^{(R)}$ Universal Bond showed statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
• /
• v.11A no.3
• /
• pp.189-198
• /
• 2004

We consider the fault hamiltonian properties of m ${\times}$ n meshes with two wraparound links on the first row and the last row, denoted by M$_2$(m,n), (m$\geq$2, n$\geq$3). M$_2$(m,n), which is bipartite, with a single faulty link has a fault-free path of length mn-l(mn-2) between arbitrary two nodes if they both belong to the different(same) partite set. Compared with the previous works of P$_{m}$ ${\times}$C$_{n}$ , it also has these hamiltonian properties. Our result show that two additional wraparound links are sufficient for an m${\times}$n mesh to have such properties rather than m wraparound links. Also, M$_2$(m,n) is a spanning subgraph of many interconnection networks such as multidimensional meshes, recursive circulants, hypercubes, double loop networks, and k-ary n-cubcs. Thus, our results can be applied to discover fault-hamiltonicity of such interconnection networks. By applying hamiltonian properties of M$_2$(m,n) to 3-dimensional meshes, recursive circulants, and hypercubes, we obtain fault hamiltonian properties of these networks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
• /
• 2002.02a
• /
• pp.76-83
• /
• 2002

The injection molding of the plastic optics is basically same as the conventional molding except it requires very intricate control of all the molding processing parameters. In the plastic optics, the problem of injection molding is the shrinkage. The shrinkage must be removed and predicted. This shrinkage is becoming more important than any other problems in precision molding because it can affect the focal length of a lens or the total performance of the optical system. This study focused on avoiding the shrinkage that the mold design allows for the optics. In making mold, the surface accuracy(P-V) of the lower and lower mold are $0.201{\mu}m\;and\;0.434{\mu}m$ respectively. A surface roughness(Ra) is below $0.02{\mu}m$ due to selecting the appropriate tools and using the injection molding machine in high degree. In injection molding of the plastic lens, mold temperature, resine temperature and injecting pressure are important process parameters. Injection molding process is carried out according to varying mold temperature and injecting pressure. As a result P-V(peak to valley) of spheric lens is $3.478{\mu}m$ and that of aspheric lens is $1.786{\mu}m$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity and Cryogenics Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.55-58
• /
• 2003

We fabricated the textured Ni substrate and evaluated the effects of processing variables on microstructural evolution and texture transformation. Ni-rods as an initial specimen were prepared by two different methods, i.e., powder metallurgy(P/M) and plasma arc melting(PAM) The texture of the substrate was characterized by pole-figure and surface condition was evaluated by atomic force microscopy. It was observed that the texture of substrate made by P/M did not significantly varied with annealing temperature of 800~120$0^{\circ}C$ and the full-width at half-maximums (FWHM) of both in-plane and out-of-plane were 9$^{\circ}$~10$^{\circ}$. On the other hand, the texture of substrate made by PAM was more dependent on the annealing temperature and the FWHMs of in-plane texture was 9$^{\circ}$~13$^{\circ}$ at the temperature range. In addition, twin texture, (221)＜221＞, was formed as the temperature increased further. The grain size of substrate made by P/M was smaller than that made by PAM and this difference was correlated to the microstructure of initial specimens.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.22-30
• /
• 2018

In order to industrially recycle nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements included in waste NiMH batteries, electrode powder scraps were recovered by dismantle, crushing and classification from automobile waste battery module. As a result of leaching recovered electrode powder scrap with sulfuric acid solution, 99% of nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements were leached under reaction conditions of 1.0 M sulfuric acid solution, pulp density 25 g/L and reaction temperature $90^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. In addition, the rare earth elements were able to separate from nickel / cobalt solution as cerium, lanthanum and neodymium precipitated under pH 2.0 using 10 M NaOH.