• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.35-57
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to prove the effect and mechanism of Gamikyejakjimogawusul-tang(GKHA) herbal acupuncture on induced rheumatoid arthritis model of DBA/1 mice. Methods : We check effect of GKHA extract on the AST, ALT, Creatinine, BUN of serum and cell viability of GK extract in RAW 264.7 cells to test the stability of this study. In vitro, we measure total phenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS cation radical scavenging activity of Gamikyejakjimogawusul-tang, effect of GK extract on ROS(Reactive Ooxygen Species) production to estimate a anti-oxidant capacity, and we also measure effect of GK extract on NO (Nitric Oxid), IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, TNF-${\alpha}$, MCP-1, GM-CSF production in RAW 264.7 cells to estimate a anti-inflammatory efficacy. In vivo, we compare a rheumatoid arthritis manifestation between control and experimental group and estimate a AI. Then we check effect of GKHA on the level of WBC, neutrophil, lympocyte, monocyte in the blood to see the effect of immune cells in blood. In addition we measure effect of GKHA on the level of hs-CRP, IgM, IgG, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, TNF-${\alpha}$, MCP-1, GM-CSF in serum. We observe effects of GKHA on imaging of cartilage degeneration using micro CT-arthrography in paw hind. And we calculate effects of GKHA that reduced BV ratio, BS/BV ratio using 3D Micro-CT. Lastly we observe effects of GKHA histopathologic examination analysis. Results : 1. The toxicity on liver and kidney was disregardable and the cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells was also disregardable. 1. Total phenol contents and total flavonoid contents in GK extract were in high level. 2. DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity were increased according to concentration of GK extract 3. ROS production was significantly decreased in GK extract (at 10, $100{\mu}g/ml$). 4. NO, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, MCP-1 production were significantly decreased in GK extract(at 10, $100{\mu}g/ml$). IL-17, GM-CSF production were significantly decreased in GK extract(at 1, 10, $100{\mu}g/ml$). IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-21 production were also decreased but there was no statistical significance. 5. 25x observation after H&E and M-T staining, infiltration of immune cells and subsidence of the cartilage and damage to the synovial cells were decreased. Conclusions : This study showed that GKHA extract had anti-oxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory efficacy. GKHA extract also had inhibiting effect on the process of rheumatoid arthritis and can protect joint and cartilage. So we expect that GKHA extract can be a meaningful treatment to rheumatoid arthritis patients.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1042-1047
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• 2018

The red algae Gracilaria vermiculophylla is widespread on seashores worldwide and has been used as food in Asian countries. Previous studies have reported that extracts of Gracilaria red algae have beneficial anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study examined the anti-senescence effects of Gracilaria vermiculophylla extracts (GV-Ex) in replicatively senescent human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). GV-Ex pretreatment improved the cellular viability of hBM-MSCs that had been injured by oxidative stress. These effects of GV-Ex were confirmed by MTT assay and immunoblot analysis using the apoptotic proteins p53 and cleaved caspase-3. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were examined in long-term cultured Passages 17 (P-17) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and compared to P-7 MSC. The ROS accumulation was greater in the P-17 than in the P-7. However, these increased ROS levels in the P-17 were decreased significantly after treatment with GV-Ex, and restoration of the levels of the anti-oxidant enzymes SOD1, SOD2, and CAT was also observed under these conditions. In addition, P-17 hBM-MSC treated with GV-Ex had decreased levels of the senescence proteins p53, p21, and p16. The results show that the ability of P-17 hBM-MSC to differentiate into osteocytes and adipocytes was improved by GV-Ex treatment, suggesting that GV-Ex ameliorates the functional decline of senescent stem cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2017

This study describes the preliminary evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Allium hookeri. A. hookeri was extracted using crude extract and then fractionated sequentially with n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, and n-BuOH. To screen for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents effectively, we first examined the inhibitory effect of A. hookeri extracts on production of oxidant stresses (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, xanthine oxidase, and superoxide). In addition, we examined the inhibitory effects of A. hookeri on production of pro-inflammatory factors (nitric oxide, prostaglandin $E_2$, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2) in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Of the sequential solvent fractions of A. hookeri, EtOAc fractions showed decreased production of oxidant stresses, and $CH_2Cl_2$ and EtOAc fractions of A. hookeri inhibited production of pro-inflammatory factors. EtOAc fraction inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and -$1{\beta}$). These results suggest that A. hookeri has significant effects on oxidant stresses and pro-inflammatory factors and is a possible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic and preventive material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1544-1551
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate anti-oxidant of red pepper and Zanthoxylum schinifolium ethanol extract, main ingredient of mara source. Anti-obesity effects of red pepper and Zanthoxylum schinifolium ethanol extract were investigated with mice fed high fat diet for 8 weeks. Sixty mice were classified to 6 groups of ND (normal diet), HFD (high fat diet), RP (high fat diet+red pepper (0.1 g/60 kg)), CP (high fat diet+Chinese pepper (0.1 g/60 kg)), RCP (high fat diet+red pepper : Chinese pepper=1:1 (0.1 g/60 kg)), HCA (high fat diet+HCA (0.1 g/60 kg)) experiments. This research showed that final weight, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, and river weight were decreased by the addition of red pepper and Zanthoxylum schinifolium ethanol extract comparing to those of HFD group. The plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol concentration of red pepper ethanol extract and Zanthoxylum schinifolium ethanol extract group was lower than that of high fat diet group. HDL-cholesterol concentration of red pepper ethanol extract and Zanthoxylum schinifolium ethanol extract group was higher than those of high fat diet group. These results suggested that red pepper and Zanthoxylum schinifolium ethanol extract might be useful for obesity control and good source of functional materials.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.574-581
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• 2016

Glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) is an edible halophyte that grows in salt marshes. In the present study, anti- and pro-oxidant activities and cytotoxic properties of glasswort were investigated. Solvent fractions, including fractions of hexane, ethylether (Fr.E), ethylacetate (Fr.EA), butanol and water, were prepared from a 70% methanol extract of glasswort aerial parts. Fr.EA contained the highest levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids, showing the strongest scavenging activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals, and nitrite. In addition Fr.EA showed the most potent cytotoxic effects on HCT-116 colon cancer cells and INT-407 normal intestinal cells, followed by Fr.E. Most fractions also decreased the level of reactive oxygen species in the treated cells, but generated $H_2O_2$ in the medium. The cytotoxic activity of Fr.EA was more pronounced in the presence of ascorbic acid or N-acetylcysteine. These results indicate that the fractions from aerial parts of glasswort exhibit both anti- and pro-oxidant activities, and these activities modulate cytotoxic properties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

In this study, pro-oxidant($d2w^{(R)}$) and rPP/ZnO nanocomposite flexible films for food packaging were prepared, and their mechanical and antimicrobial properties were investigated. As a result, the carbonyl index and hydroxyl index increased with exposured time to heat and UV rays. Surface analysis showed that the addition of zinc oxide improved the dispersibility and compatibility of the polymer, so that the surface of the composite film was smooth and the zinc oxide particles were smaller than the compared film. And it kept the physical properties by heat and UV ray blocking effect, and it worked to reduce decomposition. In the antimicrobial activity test, the microbial reduction rate was 3 logs or more at the use concentration of zinc oxide. The tensile strength was increased and the elongation was decreased. Oxidative degradability of multi-layered film in UV exposured for 72 hours, the molecular weight of the film decreased by 75.6%, 1,294 g/mol Mn and 5,920 g/mol Mw. In the safety analysis of food packaging materials, we obtained that are in standard of polypropylene, a food contact material of domestic law.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.651-656
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• 2016

Bee pollen is produced by honeybees and is considered one of the most balanced and nourishing nutritional supplements available. Historically, bee pollen has been prescribed for its healing properties and consumed for its high-energy supply. Recent research has provided evidence that bee pollen has diverse biological activities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and even anti-cancer effects. However, the outer membrane of the pollen grain, exine, is highly resistant to most acidic solutions, high pressure, and even digestive enzymes, and the resulting low bioavailability limits its nutritional and clinical applications. This study applied a wet-grinding method to destroy the exine effectively, and it then examined the pollen's enhanced biological activity. First, microscopic observations provided strong evidence that wet grinding destroyed the exine time-dependently. In addition, the content of polyphenols, well-known ingredients of bee pollen and used as internal standards for the quality control of commercial pollen preparations, increased up to 11-fold with wet grinding. Further, the anti-oxidant activity demonstrated on the ABTS anti-oxidant assay, as well as the DPPH radical scavenging assay, was also dramatically increased. Together, the results presented here support a new technology by which bee pollen can be used as a resource for medical, nutritional, and cosmetic applications.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.28-36
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• 2004

The extraction of platinum group metals such as Pt, Pd and Rh from spent automobile catalyst has been investigated by leaching in HCl solutions using $HNO_3$ or NaOCl as a oxidant. The effect of type and amount of oxidant, reaction time and pulp density on the extraction of platinum group metals was examined. Platinum group metals were recovered by the cementation method using aluminum as a reducing agent. The extraction ratio was higher when NaOCl was used as a oxidant. The optimum leaching conditions were obtained to be: HCl 8 M, the amount of NaOCl 1.4 mole, leaching temperature $90^{\circ}C$, leaching time 180 minutes, pulp density 400g/L. Under the optimum conditions, the extraction of Pt, Pd and Rh were 96.1%, 93.6% and 77.3%, respectively. With the addition of 2.0g of aluminum which corresponds to 28 equivalent the reduction were 98% for Pt. 98.8% for Pd and 65.3% for Rh, respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.403-413
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• 2020

While searching for useful microorganisms, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera which can be used as cosmetic materials were divided from Jeju island's traditional fermented foods. In this study, blackcurrant extract which contains a large amount of anthocyanin glycosides was fermented with S. fibuligera. HPLC analysis was performed to analyze the components of blackcurrant extract (BE) and fermented blackcurrant fruit extract (FBE). As a result, bio-conversion of delphinidin and cyanidin were able to be identified. In order to verify the anti-oxidant effect of BE and FBE, we investigated radical scavenging ability with DPPH and ABTS. In addition, to confirm anti-inflammatory effect, we investigated inhibition effect of nitric oxide (NO) production on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and inhibition effect of the expression of inflammatory-related proteins (iNOS, COX-2) by western blot analysis. As a result, as FBE has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, we suggest that it might be used as an active ingredient for cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.408-415
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate various beneficial functions of soaked and germinated Robusta coffee beans. Vietnam Robusta coffee beans were soaked in purified water or Salicornia extract for 12 h. The total polyphenol content of non-germinated coffee (NGC), Salicornia extract-germinated coffee (SGC), and water-germinated coffee (WGC) was found to be 16.71-20.17%. First, NGC, SGC, and WGC at concentrations of 25-100 ㎍/mL showed significant anti-oxidant effects on DPPH radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase activity. NGC, SGC, and WGC also inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin formation in α-MSH-induced B16F10 cells. In addition, the anti-obesity property of germinated coffees was tested by the Oil Red O staining method. NGC, SGC, and WGC inhibited adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells without cytotoxicity. Taken together, germinated Robusta coffees with enhanced flavor showed beneficial multifunctional effects, such as anti-oxidant, anti-melanogenesis, and anti-adipogenesis effects.