• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the different patterns of bone loss between the lumbar spine and the femur after ovariectomy in rats. Methods : Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a sham operation (the sham group) or bilateral ovariectomy (the ovariectomized group). Four and eight weeks after operation, six rats from each of the two groups were euthanized. Serum biochemical markers of bone turnover including osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which are sensitive biochemical markers of bone formation, and the telopeptide fragment of type I collagen C-terminus (CTX), which is a sensitive biochemical marker of bone resorption, were analyzed. Bone histomorphometric parameters of the 4th lumbar vertebrae and femur were determined by micro-computed tomography. Results : Ovariectomized rats were found to have higher osteocalcin, ALP and CTX levels than sham controls. Additionally, 8 weeks after ovariectomy in the OVX group, serum levels of osteocalcin, ALP and CTX were significantly higher than those of 4 weeks after ovariectomy. Bone loss after ovariectomy was more extensive in the 4th lumbar spine compared to the femur. Bone loss in the 4th lumbar spine was mainly caused by trabecular thinning, but in the femur, it was mainly caused by trabecular elimination. Conclusion : The present study demonstrates different patterns of bone loss between the 4th lumbar spine and the femur in ovariectomized rats. Therefore, when considering animal models of osteoporosis, it is important that bone sites should be taken into account.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.532-540
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• 2001

This study explored the effect of calcium levels and/or ovariectomy on bone composition and its related factors using the female Sprague-Dawley rats which achieved peak bone mass in normal(0.5%) calcium intake during growth period. The rats were randomly divided into six groups and fed 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.5% calcium diets for 8 weeks after ovariectomized and sham operation. The results indicated that body weight gain was higher in ovariectomized groups than sham groups, regardless of dietary calcium levels and food intakes. Serum Ca and P concentrations were normal level regardless of dietary calcium levels and operation. Estrogen concentration was decreased in ovariectomized rat groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and urinary hydroxyproline were increased in ovariectomized groups. When rats were fed normal Ca diet during growing period, weight, length and breaking force of femur were not significantly different in all groups but increased the same level. Generally, lipid contents in lumbar and femur were lower in low calcium groups and this effect was more pronounced in femur. In case of femur, the significant decrease in Ca contents of bone was observed in a relatively short period of feeding low Ca diet, even though it appeared th desirable peak bone mass had achieved through the growing period by supplementing the adequate amount of calcium. The marked decrease of estrogen levels after ovariectomy did not seem to influence greatly bone parameters measured except bone wet weight. Therefore, this study indicated that lower intake of Ca might be more important determinating factor against osteoporosis than postmenopausal state stimulated by ovariectomy in female rats. With normal or high intake of Ca it appears possible to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal period, and this might apply only in case of achieving peak bone mass in the growing with the adequate intake of calcium. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 532∼540, 2001)

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.356-361
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Porphyra tenera (PT) extract on serum lipids content in ovariectomized rats. From day 3 until 42 after the ovariectomy, Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sham-operated rats (Sham), ovariectomized control rats (OVX-control), ovarjectomized rats supplemented with PT at 50 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-PT50), 200 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-PT200). The PT ethanol extract were orally administrated at 1 m1 per day. Body weight gain, food intake and food efficiency ratio were not significantly different between groups. Although total-cholesterol was increased in OVX-control, supplementation with the PT decreased the level of cholesterol in serum. Especially, it was significantly decreased in OVX-PI50 (p＜0.05). Triglyceride was significantly decreased to almost all of groups supplemented with PT (p＜0.05). The levels of HDL-cholesterol was higher in PT extract group than OVX-control. These results suggest that supplementation with the PT extract positively influenced on lipid concentration in serum. Consequently, we expect that PT extract decrease risk of cardiovascular diseases by postmenopausal.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.149-155
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• 2010

Objective : Ssangwha-tang is a traditional medicine formula widely prescribed for a decrease of fatigue after an illness in Korea. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Ssangwha-tang fermented by Lactobacillus fermentum (SF) on osteoclast differentiation in vitro and on bone metabolism of an ovariectomized rat in vivo. Methods : Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and staining were applied to evaluate the formation of osteoclasts. Ovariectomized rats were orally administrated with SF (30 ml/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, phosphate, calcium levels were determined. Effect of SF on bone loss were studied by histological analysis and the measurement of bone mineral density. Results : SF significantly inhibited tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and formation of osteoclasts in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by receptor activator for nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) ligand (RANKL). In addition, SF significantly decreased the level of triglyceride and increased the level of low-density lipoprotein. Moreover, the decrease of trabeculae of the femur was partially prevented in ovariectomized rats administrated with SF. Conclusions : SF treatment could prevent ovariectomy induced bone loss and its effects could be medicated by the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.16-27
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this experimental study is to observe the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on early bone regeneration of rats both in normal condition and in osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy. Material and methods: Total 40 Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into 4 groups. A 8-mm-diameter calvarial critical-sized defect (CSD) was made by drilling with trephine at the center of calvaria in cranium of every rat. Every CSD was augmented with an osteoconductive synthetic alloplastic substitute ($MBCP^{TM}$) and PRP as follows. Group A; 10 non-ovariectomized rats grafted with only $MBCP^{TM}$. Group B; 10 non-ovariectomized rats grafted with $MBCP^{TM}$ and PRP. Group C; 10 ovariectomized rats grafted with only $MBCP^{TM}$. Group D; 10 ovariectomized rats grafted with $MBCP^{TM}$ and PRP. At 4 weeks after graft, every rat was sacrificed. And histomorphometric analysis was performed by measuring calcified area of new bone formation within the CSD. Results: Comparing four groups, results were obtained as follows. 1. In non-ovariectomized groups, PRP showed a positive effect somewhat but not significant (P > .05). 2. In ovariectomized groups, PRP showed a positive effect significantly (P < .05). 3. In PRP untreated groups, ovariectomy diminished bone regeneration significantly (P < .05). 4. In PRP treated groups, ovariectomy diminished bone regeneration somewhat but not significant (P > .05). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that PRP in combination with an osteoconductive synthetic alloplastic substitute has an effect on bone regeneration more significantly in ovariectomized osteoporotic rats than in normal rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2014

The effects of Lycii fructus and Lycii folium on osteoporosis and serum cholesterol levels were tested in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham group (sham-operated), Control group (OVX, ovariectomized model), LCF group (Ovx+Lycii fructus extract), and LCL group (OVX+Lycium folium extract). After 8 weeks, the OVX ($330{\pm}5.39$ g), LCF ($315{\pm}2.99$ g), and LCL ($318{\pm}2.06$ g) groups showed increased body weight compared with sham group ($281{\pm}1.71$ g). The levels of serum osteocalcin (OC) also increased in the LCF ($444.6{\pm}26.9$ ng/mL) and LCL ($407{\pm}18.9$ ng/mL) groups compared with the OVX group ($107{\pm}3.52$ ng/mL). The activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased in the LCF ($108{\pm}2.7$ U/L) and LCL ($407{\pm}18.9$ ng/mL) groups compared with the OVX group ($95{\pm}2.9$ U/L). Stereomicroscopy found that the low bone density that developed in the OVX group was significantly reversed in the LCF and LCL groups after 8 weeks. We also obtained molecular-based in vivo evidence that supports a mechanism of action involving novel estrogen receptor ($ER{\alpha}$) modulator in the uterus. We found that expression of ER${\alpha}$ mRNA in the OVX rat uterus was elevated by Lycium chinense. These results suggest that Lycii fructus and Lycii folium administered to rats during 8 weeks after oophorectomy may partially recover postmenopausal osteoporosis or delay the progression of osteoporotic changes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effect of satllower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed yoghurt on osteoporosis. Sham-operated rats(control) were fed basal diet for 6 weeks. Ovariectomized rats were divided into 6 different experimental groups including basal diet group(G I), yoghurt diet group(G II) and 1% to 4% safflower seed yoghurt diet group(GIII to GVI). and fed with the experimental diet for 6 weeks, respectively. The feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and body weight gains of rats fed with the experimental diet for 6 weeks were analyzed, respectively, and the weight. length, strength, mineral content and density in left femur of the animals were determined, respectively. Also, the right femur tissues were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The level of feed intake was not different among all experimental groups. The feed efficiency ratio and body weight gain were high in safflower seed yoghurt groups, and GV and GVI appeared high specially. Density, strength, ash content and minerals content in left femur were similar between control and G I, and increased with increasing the amount of satllower seed in yoghurt. On the other hand, weight and length in left femur showed no difference among all experimental groups. From the results of SEM observation of right femur tissue, GVI showed high healing effects. From the results of this experiment the healing effects of satllower seed yoghurt diet group were higher than those of control and G I. Among the treatments, GVI showed the highest healing effects on the osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2000

In this study, we investigated the preventive and therapeutic effects of antler-extract for osteoporosis. Rats were ovariectomized bilaterally and were fed up with Ca- and P-free diet in order to induce osteoporosis. Body weight, organ weight, the weight of femur and bone ash quantity were examined for 5 weeks. We also performed histological and electronical microscopic examinations. 1. After adminstration of female and male antler extract to osteoporosis-induced rats at the doses of 625 and 1250 mg/kg, respectively, the body weights were significantly increased compared with those of normal control group's which was 230.2:t2.3-281.0:t2.5g (p＜0.05). 2. The weights of both right and left femur of osteoporosis-induced rats, administered with female or male antler-extract, little decreased compared with those of normal control group. 3. The bone ash quanties of femur of osteoporosis-induced rats, administered with female or male antler-extract, little decreased compared with those of normal control group. 4. The weights of liver, spleen, and kidney of osteoporosis-induced rats, administered with female or male antler-extract, decreased compared with those of normal control group. 5. Histological and electronic microscopical findings were (1) that in normal control rats the connectional of lacunae appeared well and were without loss of bone mineral, (2) that in ovariectomized rats the connections of lacunae were mostly broken and were with loss of bone mineral compared with those of normal control rats, (3) that in osteoporosis-induced rats, administrated with female or male antler-extract, the shape of lacunae and the connections of them were similar to those of normal control rats. These findings suggest a possible protective and therapeutic effects of female or male antler extract against bone loss in ovariectomized rats.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 1984

It has been well known that ovarian steroids, estradiol and progesterone play an important role in the endometrial preparation for the implantation process. The present investigation was undertaken to correlate function of ovarian steroids with cAMP concentrations in uterine tissues of rat during the various stages of the preimplantation period. Rats ovariectomized on day 2 were treated with estradiol or/and progesterone on day 3 or on day 4 and cAMP concentrations in uterine tissues were determined by competitive protein - binding assay in control - and steroid treated - ovariectomized rats. The results obtained are as follows; 1. In control rats, cAMP concentrations in uterine tissues were decreased with preimplantation period proceeded whereas cAMP concentrations were increased and showed the highest levels on day 6 in ovariectomized rats. 2. In rats treated with progesterone only or progesterone with estradiol after ovariectomy, cAMP concentrations on day 6 were lower than those of ovariectomized control but higher than those of intact control rats while estradiol only treatment decreased cAMP concentrations on day 3 and day 6, compared with those from intact- and ovariectomized-controls. It is, therefore, concluded that the concentrations of cAMP in uterine tissues were lower in estrogen-treated rats than in ovariectomized rats, suggesting the involvement of cAMP in the regulation of uterine tissue differentiation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1578-1583
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sea tangle (ST) extracts on formation of collagen and collagen cross-link in ovariectomized rats. From day 3 until 42 after the ovariectomy, Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sham-operated rats(Sham), ovariectomized control rats (OVX-control), ovariectomized rats supplemented with ST at 50 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-ST50), 200 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-ST200). The ethanol extraxcr of ST was orally administrated at 1 ml/day. The change of collagen content was investigated in bone, cartilage and skin of ovariectomized rats. Effects of ST extract on the amount of collagen was examined by measuring the hydroxyproline, which is a specific amino acid existing in collagen. The ovariectomy resulted in a decrease in the levels of collagen content in bone and cartilage tissues. However, the supplementation with the sea tangle extract prevented the decrease in the collagen level in bone and cartilage tissues. Pyridinoline is pyridinium cross-link formed in the mature form of collagen from lysine and hydroxylysine residues. Although the pyridinoline content in bone collagen declined after ovariectomy, it was recovered to a normal level of Sham group by the supplementation with the ST extracts. In addition, the deoxypyridinoline content in bone collagen, which was reduced after ovariectomy was enhanced to normal level by the supplementation with the ST extract. These results was consistent with the conclusions based on estrogenic activities of ST.