• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-51
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• 2009

본 연구는 우리나라가 자유무역정책을 실시할 경우 경제 전반과 친환경연료인 바이오디젤 산업에 미치는 영향을 정태적 연산가능일반균형모형(CGE)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 이론적으로 자유무역과 환경 간의 관계에 대해서는 '공해안식처 가설'이 1970~1980년대를 풍미하였으나, 1990년대 이후 Townsend and Ratnayakee 등은 자유무역이 생산효과, 규모효과, 구조효과, 규제효과를 통해 친환경기술 도입을 촉진하는 기능이 있음을 역설한 바 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 측면에서 과연 무역자유화의 효과로서 관세철폐가 우리나라 바이오디젤 산업에 어떤 영향을 미칠 수 있는지를 정량적으로 분석했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 연구 결과 관세가 철폐되면 농업부문 산출은 전반적으로 감소하는 반면, 바이오디젤 산업은 팽창하며, GDP와 소비자 후생이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 바이오디젤 산업이 팽창하는 것은 원료인 대두유가 해외에서 수입됨에 따라 관세를 철폐할 경우 원료 수입가격이 하락하기 때문이다. 즉, 토지 생산성 측면에서 우리나라에서 생산되는 원료를 바이오디젤 원료로 이용하기보다는 동남아나 북 중남미 등에서 원료를 개척하여 수입하는 것이 경제적 이익을 극대화할 수 있고, 자유무역은 이를 더욱 가속화시킬 수 있다는 것이다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1998년도 춘계학술대회 학술발표 논문집
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• pp.123-126
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• 1998

The theoretical foundations of GA are the Schema Theorem and the Building Block Hypothesis. In the Meaning of these foundational concepts, simple genetic algorithm(SGA) allocate more trials to the schemata whose average fitness remains above average. Although SGA does well in many applications as an optimization method, still it does not guarantee the convergence of a global optimum. Therefore as an alternative scheme, there is a growing interest in a co-evolutionary system, where two populations constantly interact and co-evolve in contrast with traditional single population evolutionary algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new design method of an optimal fuzzy logic controller using co-evolutionary concept. In general, it is very difficult to find optimal fuzzy rules by experience when the input and/or output variables are going to increase. So we propose a co-evolutionary method finding optimal fuzzy rules. Our algorithm is that after constructing two population groups m de up of rule vase and its schema, by co-evolving these two populations, we find optimal fuzzy logic controller. By applying the proposed method to a path planning problem of autonomous mobile robots when moving objects exist, we show the validity of the proposed method.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2019

Purpose: Generally, patients with stroke present with decreased balance and increased spasticity following weakness of the paralyzed muscles. Muscle weakness caused by stroke has two causes. This is caused by a decrease in motor output and an adaptive muscle change, resulting in muscle weakness and muscle paralysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of strengthening exercise on balance and spasticity in chronic stroke patients and to suggest the basis of clinical treatment. Methods: Twenty subjects were divided into two groups: a lower-extremity strengthening group (experimental group) and a general physical therapy group (control group). The sliding stander equipment was used for the experimental group and a regimen of warm-up exercise, the main exercise routine, and cool-down exercise were used for the muscle strengthening exercise program. Balance and spasticity were measured before and after the training period. Balance ability was measured by the Berg balance scale, the Timed up and Go test and the weight distribution of the paralyzed muscles by the Spacebalance 3D. Spasticity was measured by the Biodex system. Results: After the training periods, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in BBS, weight distribution of the paralyzed muscles, and decreased spasticity when compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study supported the hypothesis that lower-extremity strengthening exercise improves the balance and decreases the spasticity of stroke patients. If it is combined with conventional neurologic physiotherapy, it would be effective rehabilitation for stroke patients.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.449-470
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• 2016

본 연구는 14개 원전 운영국, 22개 제조업군을 대상으로 전원에서 원전이 차치하는 비중의 변화가 제조업 성장에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 한 국가의 원전비중 변화는 전력가격의 변화를 통하여 산업의 부가가치와 생산량에 영향을 미친다는 가설을 동태적 패널데이타 모형을 이용하여 분석하였다. 주요 6개국의 분석결과에 따르면 원전비중이 1%p 증가할 경우 전기 가격은 0.8%감소하는 것으로 추정이 되었다. 또한 주요 6개국에 국한된 분석 결과에서는 원전 비중이 1%p 증가하였을 경우 산업별 부가가치 및 생산량은 단기에 0.16% 및 0.23% 증가하였고 장기적인 효과는 0.51% 및 0.85%에 달하였다. 전력요금 절감을 통하여 원전이 산업경쟁력에 기여하는 효과는 전력시장의 제도에 따라 달리하는 것으로 추정이 된다. 영국과 일본과 같이 전력가격 수준이 높고 변동폭이 큰 국가에서 전력요금 절감을 통한 산업경쟁력 제고가 크게 나타나는 반면, 원전 축소정책을 지향하는 독일에서는 전력요금 절감보다는 안정적인 전력수급을 통하여 산업경쟁력에 기여하는 것으로 본 논문의 결과를 해석할 수 있다.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2003

Cancer causes many crises to cancer patients imcluding physical dysfunction and emotional changes such as anxiety, depression as well as a threat of life, fear of death. As it develops, cancer makes people feel powerlessness due to the losses of their own positions, roles and independence. Although occupying a little proportion among all types of cancer, head and neck cancer may cause a wide range of physical transformation by surgical operation, damage to active functions such as eating and speaking, provoke anxiety and depression after its operation, influencing the quality life of head and neck cancer patients. Thus nursing intervention should be developed to provide supportive nursing for head and neck cancer patients and play roles as competent supporters. This study is a nonequivalent, control group, pretest-posttest, non-synchronized quasi-experimental research design to determine, how nursing intervention has effects on anxiety, depressing of head and neck cancer and operated. They were divided into experimental and comparison groups, each consisting of 20 members. The data were collected during the period from December 1, 1999 to April 11, 2000. Tools of the study included the protocol of supportive nursing intervention which was developed by researcher with reference to a literal review and esperts' advice. The measurement tool of anxiety was consisting of totaled 20 question items which was prepared by Spielberger and translated by Kim et al., the device of depression measurement consisting of total 20 question items which was the output of Song's translation the device of depression self-evaluation from Zung. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/PC 9.0 program. The homogeneity of the subjects were tested using x2-test and t-test. 5 hypoteses were tested using t-test. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. 1.The first hypothesis that the experimental group receiving supportive nursing intervention shows a little anxiety than the control group not receiving supportive nursing intervention was supported(t=3.817, P=.000). 2.The second hypothesis that the experimental group receiving supportive nursing intervention shows a little depression than the control group not receiving supportive nursing intervention was supported(t=8.089, P=.000). Consequently, supportive nursing intervention was found an effective nursing intervention strategy to reduce anxiety and depression of head and neck cancer patients. Providing supportive nursing intervention in nursing practice can enhance the quality of life of those cancer patients.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.833-854
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• 2007

본 연구는 국제유가와 대미환율이 변동할 경우에 국내 석유제품의 가격이 어떻게 반응하는지를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 가격변동에 대한 완전조정오차수정모형(full adjustment error correction model)을 설정한 후, 실증분석을 통해 휘발유와 경유, 등유의 세 가지 제품에 대한 정유사의 생산가격과 주유소 판매가격의 비대칭성을 각각 추정하였다. 추정결과는 원유 현물가격이 변동할 경우 국내 정유사는 제품별 출고가격을 3개월에 걸쳐 조정하되 즉각적인 반응, 즉 해당 월의 조정액은 예상과는 달리 원유가격이 올라갈 때보다 오히려 내려갈 때에 더 크게 나타난다. 하지만 조정이 끝난 후, 누적 상승폭이 하락폭보다 크게 나타나 세 제품가격 모두 양적 비대칭을 보인다. 또한 환율상승에 대한 가격조정은 2개월이 소요되는 반면 하락시에는 1개월이 더 소요되는 것으로 추정된다. 경유와 등유는 누적 상승폭이 하락폭보다 훨씬 크게 나타나지만 휘발유는 상승폭과 하락폭이 동일하게 나타난다. 한편 주유소에 대한 정유사의 공급가격이 변동될 경우, 주유소 판매가격은 전형적인 'Rockets and Feathers' 현상을 보인다. 정유사 공급가격이 리터당 1원 상승 또는 하락할 경우, 휘발유가격은 0.99원의 인상과 0.91원의 인하를, 경유가격은 0.96원의 인상과 0.88원의 인하를 보여 휘발유가격이 경유가격보다 더 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 나타난다. 이는 승용차 연료인 휘발유가 대형승합차와 트럭의 연료로 사용되는 경유보다 소비자들에게 더 노출되어 있기 때문인 것으로 분석된다. 등유가격은 0.81원의 상승과 0.83원의 하락을 보여 검정 결과 양적 대칭으로 판명되었다. 이는 난방용 연료인 등유의 수요가 계절별로 편중되어 있고 또한 주유소판매량이 비교적 소량임에 따라 공급가격 변동에 대해 주유소가 즉각적으로 반응할 유인이 타 유종에 비해 상대적으로 적기 때문이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1391-1398
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• 1992

The hypothesis tested is that shifts in pH, induced when a cardioplegic solution is oxygenated, can be detrimental. The object of this study is to evaluate the effect of the pH of the oxygenating cardioplegic solution on postischemic recovery in the isolated rat heart. Either 100% oxygen or 95% oxygen: 5% carbon dioxide was added to the cardioplegic solution[St. Thomas` Hospital No. 2] and determined postischemic recovery of isolated rat hearts after 2 hours and 3 hours of 20oC cardioplegic protected ischemia. Heart were arrested and reinfused every 30 minutes throughout the ischemic period with cardioplegic solution. When 100% oxygen was added, the pH of the cardioplegic solution increased from 7.8[no oxygen] to 8.5[100% oxygen] without any change in postischemic functional recovery. But when 95% oxygen ; 5% carbon dioxide was added, the pH of the cardioplegic solution reversely decreased to 6.84 in the 2-hour ischemic group and 6.73 in the 3-hour ischemic group, associated with improved postischemic functional recovery. After 2-hour ischemia, systolic pressure improved from 88.2$\pm$3.7%[no oxygen] and 88.7$\pm$3.8%[100% oxygen] to 96.6$\pm$1.8%[95% oxygen : 5% carbon dioxide], p<0.05, aortic flow from 43.3$\pm$3.1% and 38.4$\pm$10.6% to 74.5$\pm$5.0%, p<0.001, cardiac output from 55.5$\pm$4.6% and 47.4%$\pm$10.6% to 73.1$\pm$4.6%, p<0.05, stroke volume from 62.7$\pm$4.6% and 52.0$\pm$10.1% to 77.2$\pm$4.6%, p<0.05, and dP/dT from 59.3$\pm$7.2% and 56.7$\pm$7.6% to 78.9$\pm$4.6%, p<0.05. The infused amount of the cardioplegic solution during 2-hour ischemic period was similar in three groups. After 3-hour ischemia, cardiac output improved from 17.0$\pm$3.8%[no oxygen] to 45.9$\pm$7.5%[95% oxygen: 5% carbon dioxide], p<0.05, and stroke volume from 21.0$\pm$3.9%[no oxygen] to 50.1$\pm$6.6%[95% oxygen: 5% carbon dioxide], p<0.01. In conclusion, the St. Thomas` Hospital No. 2 cardioplegic solution should be oxygenated but with 95% oxygen: 5% carbon dioxide and not 100% oxygen because of the additive effect of a relatively "Acidotic" pH.t; pH.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.239-240
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• 2012

With advancements in semiconductor device technologies, manufacturing processes are getting more complex and it became more difficult to maintain tighter process control. As the number of processing step increased for fabricating complex chip structure, potential fault inducing factors are prevail and their allowable margins are continuously reduced. Therefore, one of the key to success in semiconductor manufacturing is highly accurate and fast fault detection and classification at each stage to reduce any undesired variation and identify the cause of the fault. Sensors in the equipment are used to monitor the state of the process. The idea is that whenever there is a fault in the process, it appears as some variation in the output from any of the sensors monitoring the process. These sensors may refer to information about pressure, RF power or gas flow and etc. in the equipment. By relating the data from these sensors to the process condition, any abnormality in the process can be identified, but it still holds some degree of certainty. Our hypothesis in this research is to capture the features of equipment condition data from healthy process library. We can use the health data as a reference for upcoming processes and this is made possible by mathematically modeling of the acquired data. In this work we demonstrate the use of recurrent neural network (RNN) has been used. RNN is a dynamic neural network that makes the output as a function of previous inputs. In our case we have etch equipment tool set data, consisting of 22 parameters and 9 runs. This data was first synchronized using the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm. The synchronized data from the sensors in the form of time series is then provided to RNN which trains and restructures itself according to the input and then predicts a value, one step ahead in time, which depends on the past values of data. Eight runs of process data were used to train the network, while in order to check the performance of the network, one run was used as a test input. Next, a mean squared error based probability generating function was used to assign probability of fault in each parameter by comparing the predicted and actual values of the data. In the future we will make use of the Bayesian Networks to classify the detected faults. Bayesian Networks use directed acyclic graphs that relate different parameters through their conditional dependencies in order to find inference among them. The relationships between parameters from the data will be used to generate the structure of Bayesian Network and then posterior probability of different faults will be calculated using inference algorithms.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.523-544
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• 2009

본 연구는 목적은 내생적 환경정책모형(endogenous environmental policy)에 기초하여 외국인직접투자(foreign direct investment), 경제성장, 환경규제의 상호관계를 실증적으로 분석하는 것이다. 외국인자본비율의 1% 증가는 0.044%(고정효과), 0.047%(확률효과)의 경제성장효과를 유발하였으며, 노동자 1인당 생산량의 1% 증가는 2.038%(고정효과), 1.890%(확률효과)의 환경규제강화를 유도하는 것으로 계측되었다. 그러나 생산 과정에 있어 강력한 환경규제가 기술혁신의 유인으로 작용한다는 포터의 가설(Porter's theory)을 지지할 만한 실증결과는 보여주지 못하였다. 또한 2개의 대기오염물질 (NOx, $CO_2$)을 기준으로 규모효과(0.0119, 0.0172)가 기술효과(-0.0048, -0.0007)보다 크게 추정되었다. 이는 국제사회의 꾸준한 노력에도 불구하고 더욱 적극적인 환경보호를 위해 각국의 공공지출액을 증액시킬 필요성이 있음을 의미한다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.510-518
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• 1998

It was assumed that the maternal identity in primi-gravida is one of the most attribute of the motherhood, that is not biological but cognitive phenomena, appears active process as intelligent human being. The purposes of this study were that the identification the cognitive structure and the influencing factors of the maternal identity in primi-gravida. Theoretical framework in this study, maternal identity in primi-gravida was constructed as a cognitive output, has the cognitive structure of cognitive-perceptual factor, cognitive-behavioral factor, and cognitive-emotional factor. Influencing factors of maternal identity was constructed as a cognitive input, which were pregnancy related perceptions (pregnancy intention, minor discomfort, value of motherhood), interpersonal relationship(relationship with mother, relationship with husband, relationship with social network), preparation to motherhood(maternal knowledge, antenatal self care), and biological factor (gestation period). This study was the descriptive correlational research design, was done from the 3rd January to the 15th March 1996, and the research subjects were selected conviniently 226 the primi-gravida during the gestation period, data collection method was self reported questionnaire cross-sectionally. Descriptive data analysis was done by SAS PC$^{+}$, testing the hypothetical model was done by covariance structural analysis using LISREL 8.03 program. The result of the hypothesis testing, the value of motherhood(y=.650, T=4.26) the maternal knowledge (y=.137, T=2.030), the gestation period( y=.113, T=2.621), showed significant causal effect on the maternal identity in primi-gravida. In conclusion, the maternal identity in primi-gravida had interrelated cognitive structure consist of perceptual, behavioral, and emotional factors. Significant causal factors influencing the maternal identity were value identified. It seems to contribute toward the understanding the characteristics of the maternal identity as a cognitive domains that has been regarded highly abstract concept, so has not been validated empirically.y.