• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.199-211
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• 2016

Objective: Given the considerable disagreement between the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and the American Board of Orthodontics Cast-Radiograph Evaluation, we aimed to develop a novel assessment system-the Improvement and Completion of Outcome (ICO) index-to evaluate the outcome of orthodontic treatment. Methods: Sixteen criteria from 4 major categories were established to represent the pretreatment malocclusion status, as well as the degree of improvement and level of completion of outcome during/after treatment: dental relationship (arch length discrepancy, irregularity, U1-SN, and IMPA); anteroposterior relationship (overjet, right and left molar position, ANB); vertical relationship (anterior overbite, anterior open-bite, lateral open-bite, SN-MP); and transverse relationship (dental midline discrepancy, chin point deviation, posterior cross-bite, occlusal plane cant). The score for each criterion was defined from 0 or -1 (worst) to 5 (ideal value or normal occlusion) in gradations of 1. The sum of the scores in each category indicates the area and extent of the problems. Improvement and completion percentages were estimated based on the pre- and post-treatment total scores and the maximum total score. If the completion percentage exceeded 80%, treatment outcome was considered successful. Results: Two cases, Class I malocclusion and skeletal Class III malocclusion, are presented to represent the assessment procedure using the ICO index. The difference in the level of improvement and completion of treatment outcome can be clearly explained by using 2 percentage values. Conclusions: Thus, the ICO index enables the evaluation of the quality of orthodontic treatment objectively and consecutively throughout the entire treatment process.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.13B no.7 s.110
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• pp.633-642
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• 2006

In the Internet environment many interactions between many users and unknown users take place and it is usually rare to have the trust information about others. Due to the lack of trust information, entities have to take some risks in transactions with others. In this perspective, it is crucial for the entities to be equipped with functionality to accumulate and manage the trust information on other entities in order to reduce risks and uncertainty in their transactions. This paper is concerned with a quantitative computational trust model which takes into account multiple evaluation criteria and uses the recommendation from others in order to get the trust for an entity. In the proposed trust model, the trust for an entity is defined as the expectation for the entity to yield satisfactory outcomes in the given situation. Once an interaction has been made with an entity, it is assumed that outcomes are observed with respect to evaluation criteria. When the trust information is needed, the satisfaction degree, which is the probability to generate satisfactory outcomes for each evaluation criterion, is computed based on the empirical outcome outcome distributions and the entity's preference degrees on the outcomes. Then, the satisfaction degrees for evaluation criteria are aggregated into a trust value. At that time, the reputation information is also incorporated into the trust value. This paper also shows that the model could help the entities effectively choose other entities for transactions with some experiments in e-commerce.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.929-943
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• 2013

This paper examines the evaluation and categorization of national heritage 'Myeongseung(scenic places)' from the viewpoint of world heritage concept and its criteria. This study focuses on Myeongseung because the author thinks it implies the unique human-nature relationships that have been evolved in Korean Peninsula, and then draws some pending problems with the evaluation of those heritage. Formerly, the paper discusses theoretically the outcome and point at issue on concept, criteria, evaluation of world heritage, and then proposes three issues on the evaluation and categorization of national heritage 'Myeongseung': first, the establishment of basic concept for evaluation of heritage; second, the building of unified criteria list to cover both natural and cultural heritage; and third, the reorganization of categories for the advanced registration and management. Especially, the author emphasizes that it is necessary rather to extend actively the world heritage concept than to regard it as a fixed framework.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.141-151
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• 2019

Objectives: The outcomes of the treatment of unilateral cleft lip can vary considerably due to variations in repair techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare treatment outcomes of surgical repair of unilateral cleft lip using either the Tennison-Randall or Millard technique based on (qualitative) parent/subject and professional assessments. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled study conducted at Lagos University Teaching Hospital between January 2013 and July 2014. A total of 56 subjects with unilateral cleft lip presenting for primary surgery who satisfied the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Subjects were randomly allocated to surgical groups A or B through balloting. Group A underwent cleft repair with the Tennison-Randall technique, while group B underwent cleft repair with the Millard rotation advancement technique. Surgical outcome was assessed using qualitative evaluation by the guardian/subject and independent assessors based on a modified form of the criteria described by Christofides and colleagues. Results: Of the 56 subjects enrolled in this study, 32 were male, with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Fifteen of the guardians/subjects in the Tennison-Randall group were most bothered about the lower part of the residual lip scar, while 12 guardians/subjects in the in the Millard group were most bothered about the upper part of the scar. More noses were judged to be flattened in the Millard group than in the Tennison-Randall group. Assessors observed a striking disparity in scar transgression of the philtral ridges between the two groups. Conclusion: Essentially, there were no major difference in the overall results between Millard rotation-advancement and Tennison-Randall repairs. Both Millard and Tennison-Randall's techniques require significant improvements to improve the appearance of the scar on the upper part and lower part of the lip, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1416-1421
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• 1992

There are many objective indices of operative outcome of funnel chest, but there has been only a few report about the postoperative change of these indices and which is best correlated with subjective outcome. From January 1989 to December 1991, 74 patients with funnel chest underwent Ravitch operation and radiologic evaluation was performed on the twenty patients whose operative outcome were satisfactory by Humphreys` criteria and postoperative chest X-ray were available. Variable radiologic chest idices such as deformity grade [DG], lower vertebral index [LVI], upper vertebral index [UVI] and configuration index [CI] were measured preoperatively and 1, 6, 12 and 18 months pos-toperatively. The mean value of preoperative DG, LVI, UVI and CI were 5.32, 0.3, 0.26 and 1.01 respectively, and postoperative chages were as follows; DG; 3.13, 3.66, 3, 72, 4.0, LVI: 0.22, 0, 24, 0.25, 0.25 UVI; 0.27, 0.27, 0.27, 0.27 CI; 0.69, 0.77, 0.76, 0.79. The increments of CI were within the 90 percent confidence limit of normogram in most cases, but it was not true for LVI and UVI. And the differences between the observed and expected values of CI did not change significantly through the postoperative periods, which was not the case in LVI. We concluded from these results that 1] DG, LVI and CI were increased slowly during the postoperative follow up periods but the increments of CI were usually within the normal limits and so 2] CI can be used as a objective index of satisfactory outcome.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2010

PAJU Book City Plan was designed to integrate two concepts of "Publishing Productive City" and "Ecological City" with the goal of "bringing of human being and nature together". This research on the post occupancy evaluation on PAJU Book City has two aims; One is to define how people, mainly working there rather than living, recognize the city and the other is to identify the problems resulted from the first phase of planning process and to suggest feasible solutions at the same time. It would be desirable that the outcome of this research should be used as data sources to improve the second phase of the plan. The evaluation criteria were created by the pre-survey on the basis of previous researches and "Pa Ju publishing city architectural design guide book (1999)". With those criteria, on-site questionnaire was conducted among people who work in PAJU Book City and stratified sampling was used for the proper sampling. The result is as follows; the visual-aesthetic criteria had positive response, which also closely related to a city satisfaction. Considering this result, construction type, circumferential environment of the building and a place of building form were found appropriate. The evaluation on the physical-ecological criteria was relatively low. Respondents were unsatisfied with green space and required better ecological waterway and more roadside tree. As green space was given a lot of weight in satisfaction survey, more green urban areas should be planned in the next phase. The evaluation on the social-behavior criteria got the lowest score. Particularly, the accessibility and convenient facilities were remarkably low. Nonetheless, the self-conceit about PAJU Book City was highly evaluated and played a crucial role in a city satisfaction. In order to achieve the goal, physical beauty, characteristics as a publication city as well as an ecologically sustainable city should be main agenda in the second phase of Paju Book City Plan. Consequently, it is important to strike a balance between the external environment and image media in order that PAJU Book City should be re-born as a culture city.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.110-118
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• 2010

Purpose: To develop outcome indicators of urinary incontinence to measure quality of care in long term care hospitals in Korea. Methods: The draft indicators of urinary incontinence were developed from a literature review and clinical expert panel. A survey of medical records of 280 patients in 20 hospitals was conducted to test inter-rater reliability. Statistical analysis was done to test risk adjustment criteria, variation between hospitals, and stability of indicators, using assessment data from 77,918 patients in 623 hospitals. Results: The inter-rater reliability of items was high (Kappa range: 0.66- 0.92). Severe cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR]: 3.15, confidence interval [CI]: 3.03-3.26) and total mobility activities of daily living (ADLs) dependency (OR: 4.85, CI: 4.72-4.98) increased the prevalence of urinary incontinence, thus they proved to be significant criteria to stratify high and low risk groups. The prevalence for low risk showed more substantial variation than the high risk group. The indicators were stable over one month. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of outcome indicators of urinary incontinence. Improving the reliability of the patient assessment tool and refining the indicators through validation study is a must for future study.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

Outcome-Based education (OBE) is reviewed from the institutional perspective. The demand for and international trends in OBE are briefly examined and several term related to OBE, especially educational objective and program outcomes (POs), are introduced. It is stressed that systems for continuous quality improvement and quality assurance should be established to ensure the maintenance of the OBE system. Because the criteria for accreditation contain a criterion regarding the quality assurance related to program outcomes, several critical issues are considered regarding the POs themselves and the reduction of the POs. The core value of OBE is not only to provide appropriate education services to students to prepare them with the minimum skills and abilities for advancing their professional service, but also to guarantee the quality of graduates. In addition, the educational program should be continuously improved by employing the evaluation results acquired during the operation of the OBE systems. It is certain that an OBE system is one important aspect of student-centered education.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.202-207
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• 2017

Objective: The self-decisions of the client regarding the meaningful work as a therapeutic approach of client-orientation. The Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) is an occupation-oriented problem-solving approach. The purpose of this study was to describe the goals and intervention protocols of CO-OP in those affected by stroke. Design: A systematic review. Methods: Using EBSCOhost, PubMed, and ProQuest databases, we searched studies published in the past decade that utilized the CO-OP intervention. An initial search revealed 71,171 potential articles. After applying our search criteria to screen the titles, abstracts, and full-text, we included 7 articles that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. In this study, we used the patient, intervention(s), comparison, outcome method to analyze the 7 selected studies. We analyzed the frequency of goals and intervention protocols. Results: Seven articles met our selection criteria; these studies included participants with an almost normal cognitive function from inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation facilities. CO-OP was used for 237 goals; the most used goal was the instrumental activities of daily living. The training procedure used 3 types of self-selecting goals in the activities. One of the goals was not trained, but was only evaluated to determine the generation effect. The most common outcome measurements included the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and the Performance Quality Rating Scale. Conclusions: This research provided information about the effectiveness of CO-OP and selecting the correct evaluation tool to assess the efficiency of the intervention. This study suggests that treatment with CO-OP in occupational therapy is effective and that it outlines common protocols.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2006

This paper is concerned with a quantitative computational trust model which lakes into account multiple evaluation criteria and uses the recommendation from others in order to get the trust value for entities. In the proposed trust model, the trust for an entity is defined as the expectation for the entity to yield satisfactory outcomes in the given situation. Once an interaction has been made with an entity, it is assumed that outcomes are observed with respect to evaluation criteria. When the trust information is needed, the satisfaction degree, which is the probability to generate satisfactory outcomes for each evaluation criterion, is computed based on the outcome probability distributions and the entity's preference degrees on the outcomes. Then, the satisfaction degrees for evaluation criteria are aggregated into a trust value. At that time, the reputation information is also incorporated into the trust value. This paper presents in detail how the trust model works.