• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.297-306
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• 1994

This experiment was carried out to investigate the healing loss and the heavy metal residues such as copper, zinc, manganese, cadmium and lead In porcine visceras by inductively coupled argon plasma spectrometer(ICP), and to probe changes when porcine visceras were boiling In water treatment(BWT), heating in autoclave treatment (HAT) and heating In oil treatment (HOT) . The range of heating loss on porcine viscera were BWT(23.11∼34.53%) , HAT(18.48∼28.00%) and HOT(14.20∼25.22%)and the heart tissue were higher and liver were lower than those of the other tissues. The total value of heavy metal residues in large intestine, small intestine, heart, kidney, liver and stomach tissue were 11.298${\pm}$5.302 ppm, 27.825${\pm}$8. 177 ppm, 16.756${\pm}$6.334 ppm 21.107${\pm}$6.057 ppm, 25.369 ${\pm}$ 10.164 ppm and 12.611 ${\pm}$5.513 ppm, respectively. Heavy metal residues in porcine visceras tended to decrease according to heating methods and the variety viscera, and the change of total heavy metal residues on BWT, HAT and HOT were 4.16∼32.57%, 12.01∼28.09% and 9.60∼25.76%, respectively. The decrease of lead element of mean value were 21.76% and copper, zinc, manganese and cadmium element were 18.00∼ 18.16%. The change of heavy metal residues were not significant in the porcine visceras(P>0.05), and the these were significantly correlated among the three heating method(P < 0.05).

• Composites Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.61-66
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• 2010

In this paper, the variation of mechanical properties of T800 carbon/epoxy composites according to the forming pressure, which was referred to previous studies on a filament winding process, were investigated. The specimens of all the tests were fabricated by an autoclave de-gassing molding process controlling forming pressure (absolute pressures of 0.1MPa, 0.3MPa, 0.7MPa including vacuum) and water jet cutting after fabricating composite laminates. Various tensile tests were performed for in-plane properties and interlaminar properties were also measured by using Iosipescu test jig. Fiber volume fraction was measured to correlate the property variation and the forming pressure. This properties are expected to be utilized in the design of Type III pressure vessel for hydrogen vehicles which uses the same carbon fiber (T800 carbon fiber) for the filament winding process.

• Composites Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

In this paper. various tow parameters such as equivalent tow thickness, amplitude of longitudinal tow and tow intervals were investigated and compared with each other by using microscopic observation to find out the exact deformation patterns between both directions of the fabric structure(Longitudinal and Transverse Directions). And those observation results were compared with bias extension. biaxial tests results with dry fabric which has the same tow structure as the draped helmet materials and also compared with prepreg specimen which is cured by autoclave moulding without vacuum and pressure condition. Specimens for the observation were taken from draped helmet which is made of fabric composite(Five Harness Satin Weave). From the observation results, it was found that there are different deformation pattern between tow directions and effect of geometric condition on the deformation of the fabric materials during draping process was verified.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.70-78
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• 2018

This research was carried out to develop an integrated folding wing made from carbon composite materials. Design requirements were reviewed and composite wing sizing was conducted using design optimization with commercial software. Three composite manufacturing processes including hot-press, pultrusion, and autoclave were evaluated and the most suitable processes for the integrated wing fabrication were selected, with consideration given to performance and cost. The determined manufacturing process was verified by two design development tests for selecting the design concept. Stiffness and strength of the composite wing were estimated through structural analyses. The test loads were calculated and static tests about design limit load and design ultimate load were performed using both wings. As a result, the evaluation criterions of the tests were satisfied and structural safety was verified through the series of structural analyses and testing.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2018

AREVA NP (Courbevoie, Paris, France) is actively developing several enhanced accident-tolerant fuels cladding concepts ranging from near-term evolutionary (Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding) to long-term revolutionary (SiC/SiC composite cladding) solutions, relying on its worldwide teams and partnerships, with programs and irradiations planned both in Europe and the United States. The most advanced and mature solution is a dense, adherent chromium coating on zirconium alloy cladding, which was initially developed along with the CEA and EDF in the French joint nuclear R&D program. The evaluation of the out-of-pile behavior of the Cr-coated cladding showed excellent results, suggesting enhanced reliability, enhanced operational flexibility, and improved economics in normal operating conditions. For example, because chromium is harder than zirconium, the Cr coating provides the cladding with a significantly improved wear resistance. Furthermore, Cr-coated samples exhibit extremely low corrosion kinetics in autoclave and prevents accelerated corrosion in harsh environments such as in water with 70 ppm Li leading to improved operational flexibility. Finally, AREVA NP has fabricated a physical vapor deposition prototype machine to coat full-length cladding tubes. This machine will be used for the manufacturing of full-length lead test rods in commercial reactors by 2019.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

This study aimed to provide basic information on dental hygienists' practicing the prevention of infections by figuring out their actual conditions in dental clinics. The subjects of the study were the dental hygienists who participated in the continuing medical education of Incheon & Gyeonggi-do association and Seoul city association in October and November 2005 and the self-administered surveys were used for the prevention of infections. The results were as below. 1. In terms of education experiences of infection prevention, those who answered "there were" were 72 persons (42.9%) and those who followed the educational route for infection prevention were "through the in-house education from the hospital" and they were 42 persons (58%), which were highest. 2. In terms of the injury experiences, those who answered "there were" were 147 persons (87.5%) and the number of annual injury out of 147 persons with injury experiences was 7.7 time. For the tools that were damaged, 125 persons (75%) damaged the "explorer," which was highest. 3. For the experiences of being infected with contagious diseases, those who answered "there were" were 6 persons (3.6%) and there were four persons for "hepatitis B", one person for "rubella" and one person for "TB." 4. The questions with high practice scores were as in the following: "2. I wash my hands after conducting medical examinations (1.86 points)," "7. I always close the lid of a shot of Novocain after doing local anesthesia (1.86 points)" and "20. I separate and collect the wastes and give them to those who treat accumulated materials (1.85 points)". Meanwhile, the questions with low practice scores were as below: "16. I change my medical gowns (doctor wears) once a day (0.24 point)" and "I wash my medical gowns every time after examining patients with contagious diseases (0.52 points)." 5. The question with high knowledge was as below: "1. The contagion during the dental treatment is determined by source of infection, infection methods, infection routes and the host that is prone to infection (0.95 point)" and the question with the lowest knowledge was "5. HBV(hepatitis B) is destroyed after adding 95oC of heat for more than 5 minutes (0.27 points)." 6. The question with the highest organization-related factors was "I am always ready to use a mask, gloves, etc. if necessary" (0.89 points)" and the question with the lowest score was "There is a guideline that I can refer when I am exposed to dangerous situations related to the contagion in my workplace (0.33 point)." 7. In terms of the equipment conditions of protectors in medical environments, 168 persons for (disposable) mask (100%), 167 persons for disposable gloves (Latex) (99.4%), which meant that most of them were equipped with them. On the contrary, 108 persons (64.3%) are equipped with the protectors for frontal faces, which is the lowest and 165 persons (98.2%) said that they had autoclave in their disinfecting and sterilizing devices.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.219-233
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• 2005

This study was conducted on 185 workers at 73 dental clinics and university hospitals in Daegu to investigate the actual prevention of infection and vaccination against B-type hepatitis among dental workers. 1. According to the result of medical examination, only 35 out of 144 (24%) dental clinic workers had periodic health examination while 7 out of 9 (78%) university hospital workers did. 2. In a survey on vaccination against B-type hepatitis, 52 workers aged 29 or younger (96.3%), 38 dental hygienists (51.9%) and 44 dental workers at dental clinics (81.5%) have not had any vaccination against B-type hepatitis. The rest appeared to have had vaccination or be aware that they had antibody against B-type hepatitis without having to have any vaccination. 3. According to the result of a survey on the existence of antibody by job, 42 (56%) of dental hygienists, 15 (20%) of assistant nurses, 12 (16%) of medical assistants and 6 (8%) of dental technicians did not know whether or not they had antibody. This suggests that all types of dental workers except dental hygienists have low awareness of whether or not they have antibody. 4. In a survey on the relation between general characteristics of subjects and the sterilization of dental equipment, alcohol disinfection of high speed handpiece and low speed handpiece was most common among dental workers aged 29 or younger, and all of those aged over 40 used autoclave. By position, alcohol disinfection was used most commonly for high-speed handpiece. antiseptic solution deposition for disposable suction lips, and autoclaving for impression. By workplace, dental workers at university hospitals used autoc1aving most frequently for high/low speed handpiece while those at dental hospitals and dental clinics used alcohol disinfection most frequently and even some respondents replied that they did not disinfect. For metal cups, workers at dental clinics and dental hospitals did not use any sterilizing method while those at university hospitals used autoclaving. For disposable suction tips, workers at dental clinics used antiseptic solution deposition and those at dental hospitals used alcohol disinfection but some respondents replied that they did not disinfect. For metal suctions and impression trays, autoclaving was most common in all workplaces but some dental clinics replied that they did not disinfect impression trays. According to work experience, alcohol disinfection was most common for high/low speed handpiece. For disposable suction tips, dental workers with 3 years' or shorter work experience, those with 3~6 years' experience and those with 9~12 years' experience used antiseptic solution deposition most commonly, and many of those with 6~9 years replied that they did not disinfect. The results of this study stated above suggest that systematic education is necessary for all dental workers for enhancing th eir awareness of B-type hepatitis and the prevention of infection. Moreover, dental workers are required to make efforts to prevent infection with B-type hepatitis voluntarily and actively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 1991

This study was carried out with sardine to develope a new type of fish protein concentrate. Chopped sardine meat was thermally treated in two different ways, autoclaved at $121^{\circ}C$ for 1 min and boiled at $95^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. The heat treated meat was pressed, controlled to PH 7.8 with $3\%$ (w/v) of $NaHCO_3$ and hot-air dried(at $40^{\circ}C$). The dried meat was powdered (50mesh), air and vacuum packed in laminated film bag(PET/AL. foil/CCP) and stored at room temperature for 60 days. The results of product quality analysis are as follows : 1. Proximate contents of moisture, crude lipid and protein of the autoclaved and boiled product were in the range of $10.0{\~}10.2\%,\;9.0{\~}9.1\%$ and $73.8{\~}74.4\%$, respectively. Yields of the both products were $40\%$ and $32.5\%$. 2. Values of emulsion activity, emulsion stability and foam expansion of the autoclaved product were $48.7\%$, $44.1\%\;and\;44.0\%$, respectively. These values were higher than those of boiled product. 3. Water holding capacity and digestibility of the both products were in the range of $5.0{\~}5.3\%$ and $78.0{\~}78.2\%$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.167-177
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• 2011

Renewable energy resources and technologies have the potential to provide long-lasting solutions of the global energy-requirements faced by the economic and environmental sectors of a nation. Therefore, waste money bills were used as renewable energy source for the production of bio-ethanol. In this study, different concentrated NaOH 0.5%. 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0% and 0.0% (as a control) were used for 10, 20 and 30 mins at $121^{\circ}C$/15 psi in an autoclave. Saccharification and fermentation (aerobic and anaerobic) were carried out through commercial enzyme Celluclast 1.5 L, Novozymes 188 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 11304 respectively. The results of pretreatment showed that the NaOH pre-treated substrate enhanced enzyme action and released more amount of glucose. The amount of glucose was found with the increasing concentration of NaOH and time $44996.95{\pm}6.30$, $46763.10{\pm}3.56$, $53421.32{\pm}4.72$, $63431.25{\pm}6.95$ and $56850.98{\pm}6.75\;ng/{\mu}l$ for 30 min respectively. As for bioethanol, the conversion rate of NaOH resulted $1010.08{\pm}4.71$, $1050.25{\pm}4.37$, $1109.49{\pm}4.39$, $1139.25{\pm}3.26$ and $1020.77{\pm}3.89$ ppm for aerobic; $16730.54{\pm}6.67$, $17076.45{\pm}6.25$, $17516.17{\pm}4.49$, $19782.68{\pm}6.19$ and $17973.39{\pm}7.50$ ppm for anaerobic and $18935.02{\pm}4.59$, $19895.45{\pm}5.39$, $21912.95{\pm}4.83$, $24895.21{\pm}6.72$ and $18961.21{\pm}4.90$ ppm for anaerobic condition with benzoic acid for respective condition. Thus, the results of the present work clearly revealed that with the increasing of alkali concentration might be more effective for bio-ethanol production from waste money bill, which is economic and environmental friendly.

• Clean Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2011

In this study, hydrocarcking of vacuum residue was carried out in an autoclave reactor at $450^{\circ}C$ and $500^{\circ}C$ with a commercial catalyst (HDM) and the quantitative product distributions were analyzed by GC-SIMDIS method or simple distillation. During catalytic hydrocracking, thermal cracking also occurred together with catalytic cracking and the higher conversion and selectivity of gasoline and naphtha were obtained at high reaction temperature. GC-SIMDIS and simple distillation revealed different results for the analysis of products produced at different hydrocracking temperatures; almost same results were obtained for the product produced at $500^{\circ}C$ but different ones for the product produced at $450^{\circ}C$. In the analysis of product produced at $450^{\circ}C$, the GC-SIMDIS showed that a main product was VGO while a main product in the simple distillation was diesel, which implies that the simple distillation for the $450^{\circ}C$ reaction was not accurate due to thermal cracking of the product by the simple distillation.