• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.136-142
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• 2012

Sogokju, a Korean glutinous rice wine and one of the oldest Korean traditional wines, is famous for its unique taste acquired from a 100-day incomplete fermentation process. This study investigated the effects of the degree of rice milling on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Sogokju. It evaluated the physicochemical characteristics, pasting and color properties, and structural properties of starch using four different degrees of milled rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Dongjinchalbyeo. Samples of brown rice with milling yields of 92%, 84%, 76%, and 68% were produced using both abrasive and friction whiteners. This study showed that the protein, lipid, and ash content of milled rice decreased as the degree of milling increased. The lower hardness of the kernel below milling yield 92% suggested that milling may be related to the lower protein content of the kernel. The pasting curve showed a significant increase in viscosity properties as the degree of milling increased. This is due to the decrease in protein and lipid content, the increase in starch content, and the difference in amylopectin chain-length distribution. Further milling of white rice, based on 92% milling yield, had an effect on the amylopectin chain-length distribution due to the degree of polymerization (DPn) of 37~60. The long chain of amylopectin also contributed to the viscosity. The increase in the degree of milling decreased the glucose and total sugar content of Sogokju. However, it increased the total acidity of Sogokju. Moreover, the lightness of Sogokju decreased while its yellowness increased. These results indicate that the degree of milling can alter the taste and color of Sogokju. The sensory evaluation showed that the increase in the degree of milling decreased consumer preference for Sogokju. The sensory score for Sogokju was positively correlated with its brix degree, glucose content, pH, and protein content of raw rice.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2007

To develop rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to be planted on salt-affected sites, cell lines with enhanced proline content and resistance to growth inhibition by Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZCA), a proline analogue, were screened out among calli irradiated with gamma ray of 50, 70, 90, and 120 Gy. The calli had been derived from embryo culture of the cultivar Donganbyeo. Selected AZCA resistant lines that had high proline accumulation were used as sources for selection of NaCl resistant lines. To determine an optimum concentration for selection of NaCl resistant lines, Donganbyeo seeds were initially cultured on the media containing various NaCl concentrations (0 to 2.5%) for 40 days, and 1.5% NaCl concentration was determined as the optimum concentration. One hundred sixteen salt-tolerant (ST) lines were selected from bulked 20,000 seeds of the AZCA resistant $M_{3}$ seeds in the medium containing 1.5% NaCl. The putative 33 lines ($M_{4}$ generation) considered with salt-tolerance were further analyzed for salt tolerance, amino acid and ion contents, and expression patterns of the salt tolerance-related genes. Out of the 33 lines, 7 lines were confirmed to have superior salt tolerance. Based on growth comparison of the entries, the selected mutant lines exhibited greater shoot length with average 1.5 times, root length with 1.3 times, root numbers with 1.1 times, and fresh weight with 1.5 times than control. Proline contents were increased maximum 20%, 100% and 20% in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively, of the selected lines. Compared to control, amino acid contents of the mutants were 24 to 29%, 49 to 143%, 32 to 60% higher in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively. The ratio of $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ for most of the ST-lines were lower than that of control, ranging from 1.0 to 3.8 for the leaf and 11.5 to 28.5 for the root, while the control had 3.5 and 32.9 in the leaf and root, respectively. The transcription patterns for the P5CS and NHXI genes observed by RT-PCR analysis indicated that these genes were actively expressed under salt stress. The selected mutants will be useful for the development of rice cultivar resistant to salt stress.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.97-113
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• 2014

An actual proof experiment was carried out to establish the production of high quality organic rice at farm household in Gwangjin, Junnam, Korea 2011. Experimental plot was designed with conventional organic cultivation and manual organic cultivation in both Hopeongbyeo and Onnuri varities. Experimental field was consisted with suitable drainage loam soil, anryong series, and normal paddy field. Chemical characteristics of the soil were investigated from initial soil and soil after harvest in experimental sites. Seed disinfection was treated with hot water dipping method at $60^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Rice transplanting was carried out at 17 June with 25 days seedling using machine transplanting. Golden apple snail was used to prevent weed growth as middle size (1.5~1.7 kg/10a) at one week after rice transplanting. Amount of applied fertilizer in experimental plot was supplied with organic fertilizer for the shortage after harvest of hairy vetch (1,100 kg/10a). Bordeaux mixture was used to control of sheath blight and neck blast disease in all experimental plot at 19 Aug. Application of chitin culture solution was treated in manual organic cultivation at 2 and 15 Aug. At late growth stage, incidence rate of neck blast was the highest level at Hopyeongbyeo in conventional organic cultivation. Incidence rate of sheath blight in both Hopyeongbyeo and Onnuri was higher in conventional organic cultivation than in manual organic cultivation. Incidence of rice leaf folder was the highest level at Onnuri in conventional organic cultivation. Yield index in manual organic cultivation was increased by 13% and 38% at Onnuri and Hopyeongbyeo, respectively, compared with conventional organic cultivation. Head rice percentage in both Hopyeongbyeo and Onnuri was slightly increased in manual organic cultivation. These results indicate that high quality production of rice organic cultivation could be depending on management of safe fertilization with nutrient content in soil.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.235-251
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• 2016

After carrying out on-the-spot observation targeting each farmhouse of large-scale environment-friendly agricultural district (LEAD), Suncheon, Sancheong, Jangheung, Yeongam, Hamyang, Okcheon, and Jeongseon in 2015, only one LEAD, a farmhouse in Jangheung had used sustainable compost coming out under their own non-antibiotic livestock. The soil pH and EC at a depth of 0-20 cm in the seven LEADs were ranged between 5.3-6.6 and $0.4-1.2dS\;m^{-1}$, respectively, with 0.03- 0.27% for T-N concentration, $22-322mg\;kg^{-1}$ for P, and $0.05-0.29mg\;kg^{-1}$, which were, in particular, low a farmhouse in Jeongseon. When intensively surveying on each farmhouse of Suncheon, Jangheung, and Okcheon for a growing period, seasonal soil pH was maintained above 6.0 and high in a farmhouse in Okcheon, with similar soil EC observed among the three LEADs. Seasonal soil T-N was 0.1% higher on the farmhouse in Suncheon than other two LEADs, with higher seasonal soil P observed on the farmhouse in Okcheon and higher soil K in the Jangheung. T-N concentration in rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops was the highest in Jangheung, and concentrations of T-N, P, and K decreased in a season. Plant height and number of tillers per hill were the highest on the farmhouse in Okcheon, where was similar or low plant diameter and SPAD levels compared to other two LEADs. Dry weight (DW) before harvest was ranged between 52-63 g, and DW, rough rice yield (kg), brown rice/rough rice (%), brown rice yield (kg), head rice (%), and broken rice (%) were not significantly different among the three LEADs. Total annual gross production ha-1 was the highest on the farmhouse in Okcheon (16,230,000 won) planting with high class of variety, 'Milky queen' at early maturation, which was expected to be increased on an agricultural income. However, high amount of fertilizer was applied for growing the following crops on the farmhouse in Okcheon, affecting the highest balance of T-N, P, and K more than $200kg\;ha^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.231-241
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• 1992

To study the relationships between major micrometeorological elements and their influences on evapotranspiration(ET) in the canopy of two rice cultivars, Daecheongbyo and Samgangbyo, synoptic meteorological factors, micrometeorological elements and ET from the canopy and biomass production were observed at various growth stages in the paddy field of Suwon Weather Forcast Office in 1989. ET from the rice community was highly correlated with the following factors in order of pan evaporation>air temperature>leaf temperature>solar radiation>sunshine duration>difference in vapor pressure depicit(VPD)>water temperature. ET observed showed higher correlation with the evaporation from small pan than that from Class A pan. Varietal difference would be noted in the relationships between ET in Samgangbyo canopy and the evaporations observed from the pans, with which closer a correlation was found in Samgangbyo than in Daecheongbyo. The ratio of canopy ET to the evaporation from Class A pan was maintained over 1.0 through the growth stages with the maximum of 1.9 at the late August. The evaporation observed from Class A pan was amounted to 71.9% of that from small pan. ET was better correlated with solar radiation than with net radiation which reached about 66% of solar radiation. Maximum temperature showed higher correlation with ET than mean air temperature, and also wind speed of 1m above ground revealed positive correlation. The relative humidity, however, had no correlation with the exception of ET in rainy days. A regression model developed to estimate ET as a function of meteorological elements being described with $R^2$ of 0.607 as : $ET=-5.3594+0.7005Pan\;A+0.1926T_{mean}+0.0878_{sol}+0.025RH$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.216-222
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to know the seed longevity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for effective viability monitoring. The longevity was determined via germination tests of 3,066 accessions of rice germplasm from the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration, Korea. The rice germplasm accessions have been conserved at a mid-term storage ($4^{\circ}C$, 30% RH) in plastic bottle containing dehydrated (blue) silica-gel and long-term storage ($-18^{\circ}C$, 35% RH) in hermetically sealed metal can on either sides for 25~26.5 years. The final germination percentages of 3,066 rice germplasm accessions of $6.5{\pm}1.0%$ seed moisture content with 94% initial germination stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 26.5 years declined to 47% while at $-18^{\circ}C$ for 25 years maintained high germinability as 93%. Germination time courses, which represent the average performance of rice ecotypes stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and 30% RH, were fitted regression equation, to calculate the time at which germination characteristically declined to 50% ($P_{50}$). These $P_{50}$ values of Indica, Japonica, Javanica and Tongil type in rice were 39.9, 22.9, 25.4 and 31.8 years, respectively. The rice germplasm stored at $4^{\circ}C$ could be clustered in 4 groups using quartile of final germination after 26.5 years storage. The seed longevity ($P_{50}$) of each group was estimated by regression equation of changed germination percentages according to storage periods. The $P_{50}$ values of group I, group II, group III and group IV were 21.1, 23.6, 30.0 and 75.7 years.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.328-337
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• 1990

The incividual and combined effects of the chloroacetanilide herbicide pretilachlor and of the safener fenclorim on the growth and selected physiological processes of rice (Oryza sativa L., var 'Lemont')were evaluated under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Fenclorim applied at rates ranging from 50 to 300 g a.i./ha antagonized the injurious effects caused by 150 to 900 g a.i./ha of pretilachlor on 15-day old wet-sown rice grown under greenhouse conditions. When used rates of 150 g/ha or higher, fenclorim reversed completely the effects of all doses of pretilachlor on rice. When the two compounds were given simultaneously, fenclorim enhanced the uptake of $^{14}C$pretilachlor into rice leaf mesophyll protoplasts measured for 1 hr, indicating that competition for uptake at the protoplast level is not involved in the protective action of this safener. The safener-induced stimulation of pretilachlor uptake was particularly evident when fenclorim was used at concentrations of 10, 20 and $40{\mu}M$. Following 4 hr of incubation, individual treatments with pretilachlor inhibited the in vitro incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into proteins, DNA, and lipids of rice leaf protoplasts only when used at the high concentration of $100{\mu}M$M. Individual treatments with high concentrations (10 or $100{\mu}M$) of the safener fenclorim inhibited the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into proteins and lipids of rice protoplasts, but had no DNA synthesis. The combined effects of pretilachlor and fenclorim on the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into these macromolecules of isolated rice mesophyll protoplasts appeared to be additive or slightly synergistic rather than antagonistic. Fenclorim at $1{\mu}M$ antagonized the effects of pretilachlor on total lipids of rice leaf protoplasts. In addition, individual and combined treat-menu with pretilachlor and fenclorim influenced the incoroporation of$^{14}C$acetate into polar lipids, triglycerides and steryl esters of rice leaf protoplas causing a redistribution of carbon in these lipid fractions. However, these effects were not large enough to explain the herbicidal activity of pretilachlor or to account for the protective action of the safener fenclorim. Overall, the uesults of the present study idnicate that the safener fenclorim does not seem to protect rice against pretilachlor injury by antagonizing its effects on protein, DNA, or lipid syntheses.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.624-631
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• 2006

This study was conducted to make clustering analysis based on major physicochemical characteristics related to palatability of cooked rice. 89 Korea-bred japonica rice cultivars could be largely classified into two groups, that is, Dongjinbyeo and Ilpumbyeo groups. The Ilpumbyeo group was divided into two subgroups; Ilpumbyeo and Chucheongbyeo groups. The two major rice groups showed significant difference in viscogram properties of rice flour. Ilpumbyeo group revealed slightly higher estimates of viscogram traits as compared with Dongiinbyeo group in average. Early-maturing rice group showed slighly lower estimates of taste meter and higher protein content compared with medium or medium late maturing ones. Also, early and medium-maturing groups exhibited slightly higher estimates of peak, hot and breakdown viscosities but lower estimates of consistenency and setback viscosities compared with medium-late-maturing one. The rice cultivars developed in 2000's revealed slightly higher estimates of peak, hot, cool and consistency viscosities compared with those in $1980's{\sim}1990's$. The grain quality properties significantly associated with the esimates of Toyo taste meter were protein and amylose contents and hot viscosity. The lower protein content and hot viscosity and the higher amylose content, the higher estimates of the taster meter. The protein content was highly negatively correlated with amylose content of milled rice. The important quality components contributed to multiple regression formula for estimating the Toyo taster meter values were protein content, alkali digestion value, and hot viscosity. The fittness of this formula was about 49% along with the coefficients of determination.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1983

Red rice (local name "Sore") as a weed has been a serious threat to rice production in direct-seeded rice culture in Ganghwagun, Gyeonggi province. In the Ganghwagun 508 ha out of 1,420 ha in the Samsanmyeon area is infested with red rice. The average lowland rice yield is about 4,300 kg/ha in the Ganghwagun, but the average upland rice yield is about 2,000 kg/ha in infested area. This study was carried out in order to clarify the ecological characteristics of red rice and factors affecting the competitive ability of five red rice varieties, collected from Samsanmyeon in 1981, with rice cultivar. Five varieties-Monggeunsare, Salsare, Ginkaragsare, Galsaegsalsare, Galsaegkaragsare-showed the same morphological characteristics of cultivated Japonica type, Chuncheongbyeo, but red rice tillers more profusely, is taller and lodges more easily than Chucheongbyeo. It shatters easily about 10-15 days after heading date, and at this time the hull is discolored in yellow or dark brown. There are many types of red rice with short or long owns on the spikelet, occasionally with or without own on the spikelet in the same hill, and the grains are short or long. In red reice leaf blast occurs more severely than in cultivated Indica/Japonica type, Teabaegbyeo, particulary serious in Monggeunsare. When red rice invaded in direct-seeded rice, number of panicles of rice became reduced more than other yield components.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1995

The effect of seeding depth on the growth, mesocotyl elongation and herbicidal response of rice(Oryza sativa L., Japonica type, cv. "Tongjin") and barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var orizicola Ohwi.) were studied in greenhouse experiments. Barnyardgrass growth as affected by different water depths was briefly tested. Rice and barnyardgrass were broadcast in soil into Oem, 1cm, 2cm and 3cm in seeding depth under dry direct-seeded condition. Butachlor(N-(buthoxymethyl)-2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl) acetamide) at dose rate of 1800g ai/ha and thiobencarb(S-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl] diethyl carbamothioate) at dose rate of 2100g and 4200g ai/ha were soil applied to them at 5 days after seeding. At 10 days after seeding, plants harvested to examine their growth as affected by seeding depth. Root length and shoot fresh weight of rice untreated was greatest in 1cm- and 3cm-seeding depth, respectively, however, mesocotyl did not elongate. While plant height of barnyardgrass grew regardless of seeding depth and water depth, but root length was greatest in 1cm-seeding depth of dry condition and reduced with increased water depth. And mesocotyl was elongated in only dry condition and its length increased with increased seeding depth. At 10 days after application thiobencarb applied pre-emergence inhibited plant height, and shoot fresh weight of rice in only 0cm-seeding depth under dry condition whereas was unaffected in above 1cm-seeding depth, similar to untreated control, and ever increased root length and root fresh weight of rice. On the other hand, shoot, root and leaf growth of barnyardgrass was, severely inhibited regardless of application rates and seeding depths. Reduction of shoot growth by treatment of herbicide was significantly greater than that of root growth. Consequently, reduction of barnyardgrass growth by treatment of thiobencarb did not be associated with seeding depth and mesocotyl elongation as affected by different seeding depth.