• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2024

Objectives: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental health condition, and techniques using sensory stimulation in processing traumatic memories have gained attention. The Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is a psychotherapy that combines tapping on acupoints with exposure to cognitive reframing. This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of EFT as a treatment for PTSD by answering the following research questions: 1) What is the compliance and completion rate of patients with PTSD with regard to EFT protocol? Is the dropout rate reasonable? 2) Is the effect size of EFT protocol for PTSD sufficient to justify a future trial? Methods: Thirty participants diagnosed with PTSD were recruited. They received weekly EFT sessions for five weeks, in which they repeated a statement acknowledging the problem and accepting themselves while tapping the SI3 acupoint on the side of their hand. PTSD symptoms were evaluated using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) before and after the intervention. Results: Of the 30 PTSD patients (mean age: 34.1 ± 9.1, 80% female), 96.7% showed over 80% compliance to the EFT sessions, and 86.7% completed the entire study process. The mean PCL-5 total score decreased significantly after the intervention, with a large effect size (change from baseline: -14.33 [95% CI: -19.79, -8.86], p < 0.0001, d = 1.06). Conclusion: The study suggests that EFT is a feasible treatment for PTSD, with high session compliance and low dropout rates. The effect size observed in this study supports the need for a larger trial in the future to further investigate EFT as a treatment for PTSD. However, the lack of a control group and the use of a self-rated questionnaire for PTSD symptoms are limitations of this study. The findings of this pilot study can be used to plan a future trial.

• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study is to find out the effectiveness of Ling-Gui-Gan-Zao-Tang for patients of panic disorder. Method : To achieve the purpose of this study, Ling-Gui-Gan-Zao-Tang was prescribed for three months to two different patients of panic disorder. They were diagnosed as panic disorder in department of neuropsychiatry, and had no other prescribed decoction or psychotherapy. Results : 1. The BAI score for anxiety were decreased in both patients, and they got improved overall symptoms. 2. In panic attack, patients are in dominant state of sympathetic nerve, so they have palpitaion and get nervous. Fu-Ling(茯笭) can treate this kind of situation. 3. Based on and , urgent situation, over-tension of muscles, hot flash can be treated Gancao(甘草), Dazao(大棗), Guizhi(桂枝) respectively. Conclusions : When panic disorder attaks, the sympathetic nerves are dominant in patient's body. So they feel palpitating, sweating, suffocating. Ling-Gui-Gan-Zao-Tang can treat this series of symptoms.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2009

Purpose: This study is to summarize of Western-Eastern books and articles on sleep disturbances and to analyze the trends of nursing research in Korea. Methods: The Western-Eastern books and articles on sleep disturbances were comprehensively reviewed. The 70 articles published from 1981-2008 of Korean nursing research about sleep disturbances were reviewed using a structured form. Results: In Oriental medicine, the main cause of sleep disorder is unbalance of Yin and Yang, the treatments are herb therapy, acupuncture, moxibustion, psychotherapy, sleep hygiene, etc. In Western medicine, the International Classification of Sleep disorder is dyssomnia, parasomnia, mental/neurologic or other medical disorders, proposed sleep disorder and the treatments are pharmacotherapy, cure treatment of sleep hygiene, cause, behavior and perception. The number of nursing research and experimental study about sleep disorder in Korea is increasing. The most common subjects were hospitalized patients and the elderly, Of the 34 experimental studies, foot reflexology was the most commonly used as a nursing intervention. Conclusions: Nurses should concern more on patients' or clients' sleep disturbances to increase their quality of life. This literature study is useful for the access to effective nursing intervention for sleep disturbances.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of Emotion Freedom Techniques (EFT) group treatment program for Hwa-byung patients. Methods: Thirteen Hwa-byung patients have participated in the four weeks program of EFT group treatment and the program was executed once a week, for about one hour. After every session, the participants performed EFT by themselves in order to control their symptoms. Four weeks after the program ended, we interviewed the participants by using the semi-structured interview method to observe changes of Hwa-byung. All the data collected was summarized through the qualitative analysis method. Results: Results showed effects of the EFT group treatment program, with regards to the physical, cognitive and emotional aspects. Most of the participants experienced reliefs of Hwa-byung symptoms like chest tightness, hot flashes, insomnia and so on. Their ability to cope with stress improved and their re-experiences of past memories decreased. And their distorted self-images were also restored. Lastly, there was a decrease in negative emotions and an increase in positive emotions experienced by the participants. The participants could control their symptoms by performing self-enforcement. In addition, regarding the form of group therapy, the treatment was effective as it helped the participants to feel solidarity and social support. Conclusions: The EFT group treatment program can relieve the physical, cognitive and emotional symptoms of Hwa-byung. This program can be applied to the psychotherapy of Hwa-byung.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 2012

1. Objectives : The purpose of this study was to validate the Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) with Positive And Negative Affection Schedule(PANAS) for emotionality and Body Mass Index (BMI) for body constituents. 2. Methods : The SPQ along with Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Classification (QSCC) II, PANAS, BMI was measured with 232 College students. The correlation coefficient was measured with Pearson correlation between SPQ and PANAS, BMI. The SPQ, PANAS, and BMI score of each Sasang constitution groups based on QSCCII were compared using analysis of variance and profile analysis. 3. Results : The SPQ score of each Sasang constitution groups was significantly (p<0.01) different. The SPQ showed significant correlation with PANAS Positive Affect (r=0.201, p=0.002), but not with the BMI (r=0.097, p=0.146). The SPQ-Emotionality scale, unlike other SPQ subscales, showed positive correlation with PANAS Negative Affection. 4. Conclusions : We performed the constructive validity of SPQ using PANAS and BMI. The SPQ would be useful for the study on psychophysiological mechanism of the Sasang constitutions.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2023

Objectives: This study was conducted to observe the progression of symptoms according to the treatment period of patients with social anxiety disorder who received complex Korean medicine treatment. Methods: The medical records of 25 patients who were diagnosed with social anxiety disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and received complex Korean medicine treatment (herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Korean psychotherapy) for 12 weeks were analyzed. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Korean-Social Avoidance and Distress scale (K-SAD), and the Korean-Fear of Negative Evaluation (K-FNE) were measured at the initial hospital visit and during the 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Missing values were replaced with the average evaluation index value at that time. Results: 1) Statistically significant changes in STAI-X1, STAI-X2, BDI-II, BAI, K-SAD, and K-FNE scores were seen according to the time of treatment. 2) When scores were compared between each treatment time point, STAI-X2 and BDI-II showed statistically significant changes between the initial visit and four weeks of treatment, the initial visit and eight weeks of treatment, and the initial visit and 12 weeks of treatment. STAI-X1 and K-FNE showed statistically significant changes between the initial visit and eight weeks of treatment and the initial visit and 12 weeks of treatment. There was a statistically significant change in BAI scores between the initial visit and the 12th week of treatment. Conclusions: Complex Korean medicine treatment alleviated anxiety, depression, fear, and avoidance of social situation symptoms in patients with social anxiety disorder. The longer the treatment period, the more symptoms tended to be alleviated. However, the evidence should be supplemented with prospective, controlled research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 2024

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between rehabilitation treatment, mental state and resilience of stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation by examining the correlation between The Core Seven Emotions Inventory-Short Form (CSEI-s) and the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC). Methods: All 104 participants (44 diagnosed with stroke who were receiving rehabilitation and 60 without stroke or psychiatric history) completed the CSEI-s, K-CD-RISC, and Questionnaire for stroke symptoms. All data were analyzed using by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 27.0. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. Results: As a result of the CSEI-s, compared to the control group, the stroke group showed significantly lower Joy (喜) scores and significantly higher scores for Depression (憂) and Sorrow (悲). With a morbidity period of 12 months or less, the Thought (思) score was significantly higher. The Fear (恐) score was significantly higher when the rehabilitation was initiation more than 4~8 weeks after than that when the treatment was started immediately. Meanwhile, the K-CD-RISC score was significantly higher when rehabilitation was started immediately. In the stroke group, the K-CD-RISC score was positively correlated with Joy (喜) but negatively correlated with Depression (憂) and Fear (恐). In the control group, K-CD-RSIC showed a positive correlation with Joy (喜) but negative correlations with Depression (憂), Sorrow (悲), and Fear (恐). Conclusions: In addition to early rehabilitation treatment, mental approach through Korean medicine psychotherapy is crucial for enhancing the resilience of stroke patients.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.251-263
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review the clinical research trends in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Korean medicine (KM). Methods: We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Google Scholar and five Korean databases through May 2019, for studies on KM to treat PTSD. Clinical research that conducted KM treatment of PTSD patients were included. Two researchers independently conducted study selection and data extraction process. Results: Totally, eight studies were included in this review. Types of traumatic events that patients experienced included physical violence/threatening, traffic accidents, sexual violence and personal tragic events. KM interventions performed included acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine, physical therapy, and KM-based psychotherapy. Treatment duration varied from two days to more than five months. Follow-up began at least one week to three months after the end of treatments. It was reported that the major psychological and/or somatic symptoms of PTSD, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, and musculoskeletal pain, subjectively improved, as well as other objective outcomes: Impact Event Scale-Revised Korean version (IES-R-K), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Hwabyung Symptoms/characters, Electroencephalography (EEG) change, etc. Statistical studies were conducted in three studies only. Outcomes such as Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), BDI, and IES-R-K showed statistically significant improvement after KM treatments. There was no study reporting adverse events during or after the interventions. Conclusions: According to this review, diverse types of KM treatments have been used among PTSD patients in eight studies. The KM treatments effectively improved psychological and somatic symptoms of PTSD patients. However, the lack of high quality research as well as the lack of standardization of KM treatments for PTSD are limitations. Further methodologically robust clinical trials should be performed, and the standardization of KM treatments for PTSD should be sought.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.227-239
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop a standardization manual for Emotion To Emotion therapy. In this study, the processes and categories derived through literature search related to the Emotion To Emotion treatments, were revised and supplemented by the expert FGI (Focus Group Interview). Afterwards, the expert Delphi was conducted, to develop a standard manual for the disease types, purpose, and method of Emotion To Emotion therapy. Methods: In this study, literature analysis and expert Delphi, as a quantitative research method, were conducted, and the expert Focus Group Interview (FGI) was conducted as a qualitative study. The manual was completed by leading the consensus, on the standardization manual for Emotion To Emotion therapy. After that, a clinical expert Delphi was conducted to test the reliability as well as validity of the manual, through quantitative consensus on the manual of the Emotion To Emotion therapy. Results: First, as a result of literature studies, to date, studies related to Emotion To Emotion therapy have been qualitatively and quantitatively limited, as comparative literature related to clinical cases. Second, through expert FGI, the manual was structured with eight sub-factors for the indication diagnosis, six sub-factors for the implementation method, and 13 detailed factors. Third, through an expert Delphi, the consensus did the factor of indication, implementation methods, and implementation process, and developed a standardization manual for Emotion To Emotion therapy ver 1.0. Conclusions: Through literature analysis, expert FGI, and expert Delphi, the Emotion To Emotion therapy standardization manual ver 1.0 was completed, and will proceed with the revision and improvement report.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.452-459
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between general health condition and biopsychological traits of Sasang typology which determines the disease susceptibility and treatment responses. We had Korean Constitutional Multicenter Bank (KCMB) listed 1156 participants for measuring Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and Body Mass Index (BMI) for biopsychological traits of each Sasang types as well as Short Form 12 (SF12) for general health status. All the analysis was performed with consideration of gender and age. We analyzed the differences in general health status between Sasang types and the correlation between general health status and biopsychological traits of Sasang typology. We also analyzed how much the selected SF12 subscales can be explained with biopsychosocial characteristics. There were no generaliszable differences among Sasang type groups in SF12, no significant correlation between biopsychological traits and SF12 Physical and Mental Component Summary. We found that there were significant correlations between SPQ-Behavior subscale and SF12 Vitality, and the regression model with SPQ-Behavior, SPQ-Emotionality, age and sex can predict 15.4% of the total variances in SF12 Vitality. We discussed the possibility that the Sasang typology is not a determinant of general health status but a moderator for the susceptibility and response. This study would contribute to the development of Sasang type-specific life nurturing program focusing on the psychological perspectives.