• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.282-288
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• 1999

This study was designed as a part of efforts to investigate the biochemical pollutant markers for diagnosis of marine pollutions by changes in cholinesterase activity of the mussel (Mytilus coruscus) in South Sea of Korea. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in muscle of cultured mussels in South Sea were remarkably lower (20∼41%, respectively) than those of wild mussel in Pohang(control) of East Sea. Acetylcholine (Ach) activities in muscle of cultured mussels in South Sea were remarkably lower (15∼30%, respectively) than those of wild mussel in Pohang of East Sea. Monoamineoxidase (MAO-B) activities in muscle of cultured mussels in South Sea were significantly 2∼19% higher than those of wild mussel in Pohang of East Sea. It suggests that AChE, ACh and MAO-B activities in muscle of cultured mussels of South Sea may be used as the most effective mean in a biochemical markers for early warning of environmental damages caused by organophosphorus pesticides.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2000

1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinanes are suitable compounds for studying the stereochemistry of substitution at phosphorus. Cis- and trans-5-hydroxymethl-5-methyl-2-thiono-2ethoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane were prepared, and their structures and stereochemistry unambiguously assigned by NMR and X-ray crystallography with acetoxy and 3,5-dinitrobenzoyloxy derivatives, respectively. Trans isomer gave $^{31}P$ NMR signal at higher field than cis isomer, and the ring proton Spectrum of cis isomer showed characteristic pattern for identifying its geometry. In X-ray crystallography they adopted a chair conformation with the ethoxy groups in the axial positions, and the sulfide groups in the equatorial positions. A flattening of the ring around the phosphorus center was noted, the POC bond angles were about $120^{\circ}$, and the C-O bonds in the ring were significantly longer than the C-O bond for the ethoxy group or the C-O bond for hydroxyl group.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2008

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are the most common source of human toxicity globally, causing high mortality and morbidity despite the availability of atropine as a specific antidote and oximes to reactivate acetylcholinesterase. The primary toxicity mechanism is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), resulting in accumulation of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, and abnormal stimulation of acetylcholine receptors. Thus, the symptoms (muscarinic, nicotinic, and central nervous system) result from cholinergic overactivity because of AchE inhibition. OP can also cause rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis, parotitis, and hepatitis. OP therapy includes decontamination, supportive therapy, and the use of specific antidotes such as atropine and oximes. However, there has been a paucity of controlled trials in humans. Here we evaluated the literature for advances in therapeutic strategies for acute OP poisoning over the last 10 years.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.307-316
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• 2022

The misuse of pesticides has resulted in environmental pollution, which directly or indirectly affects all life on earth. Chlorpyrifos is a chlorinated organophosphorus pesticide that is commonly used in agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chlorpyrifos on the fertilization function of boar spermatozoa. Sperm samples from boars were subjected to varying concentrations of chlorpyrifos from 10 to 200 µM for two incubation periods, 30 min or 2 hrs. The boar spermatozoa were then evaluated for motility, motion kinematics, viability, acrosome integrity, chromatin stability, and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). There was a significant percentage reduction in sperm motility and motion kinematic parameters after both incubation periods (p < 0.05). The proportion of viable spermatozoa decreased after incubation for 30 min and 2 hrs in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). A significantly lower percentage of normal acrosomes was observed in spermatozoa exposed to 200 µM chlorpyrifos over both incubation periods, compared to the controls. The damage to sperm DNA was significantly higher when the exposure time to chlorpyrifos was longer. There was a significant increase in the ROS levels in spermatozoa incubated with chlorpyrifos for 2 hrs (p < 0.05). From the results of the present study, it is concluded that direct exposure of boar spermatozoa to chlorpyrifos altered boar sperm characteristics, suggesting potential toxicity that may affect the male reproductive function.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.85-97
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• 2012

The monitoring of pesticide residues was performed on 33 fruit commodities collected in Gyeonggi-do, Korea from 2006 to 2010. Pesticide residues were detected in 431 samples (16.8%) of total 2,558 samples and violated in 12 samples (0.5%). Annual detection rate showed 6.9%~19.4% with the rate of violation of 0.3%~0.9%. Twenty three samples (69.7%) of 33 commodities were detected and 4 samples (12.1%) were violated. Eight pesticides (EPN, dicofol, carbaryl, procymidone, methidathion, prothiofos, fenitrothion and phenthoate) were violated and 62 pesticides were detected. Chloropyrifos was detected most frequently. The rate of detection and violation of citrus fruits in fruits showed the highest level. Organophosphorus pesticides (35%) and insecticide (57%) were detected most frequently. The hazard index (%ADI) of chronic dietary risk assessment by deterministic approach showed that the lower limit value and upper limit value for the whole population were 0.0000~0.7526 and 0.0000~1.3237 respectively. For the only consumer group, the lower limit value and upper limit value were 0.0006~9.7801 and 0.0058~15.9258 respectively. Therefore the hazard index for the whole population and the only consumer group were evaluated as a safe level.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 1993

In order to clarify the possible contamination of rice straw used as a crude feed for livestock, Korean native cattle and cow, by pesticides, the samples collected from 21 sites in Korea were analyzed by a multiresidue method for 10 pesticides with GLC to obtain the following results. 1. Detection limits were 0.001ppm in butachlor, 0.002ppm in chlorpyrifos, 0.003ppm in BPMC, pirimiphos-methyl and diazinon, 0.004ppm in fenitrothion, 0.005ppm in phenthoate, 0.009ppm in IBP, 0.015ppm in carbofuran, and 0.03ppm in carbaryl. 2. In recovery tests, 73-101% of the pesticides applied were recovered, the recovery being low in carbofuran and chlorpyrifos. 3. Butachlor, 2-chloroacetanilide herbicide, and BPMC, carbaryl, and carbofuran, carbamate insecticides, were not detected in any sample. 4. In organophosphorus insecticides, the amounts of fenitrothion in sample No. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 20 and 21 were in the range of 0.01-0.05ppm, those of phenthoate detected in sample No. 10 and 12 were 0.4 and 0.17ppm, respectively, and those of IBP in all samples, with the exception of sample No. 7, 12, 16, 17, 20, and 21, were in the range of 0.01-0.20ppm. The residues of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and pirimiphos-methyl were not detected.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1997

For the recent years, considerable efforts have been made to rationalize the techniques of research and monitoring of biological effects of marine pollutants such as heavy metals, polychlorinate biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus pesticides. This study was designed as a part of efforts to investigate the biochemical pollutant markers for diagnosis of marine pollutions by the changes in lipid components of the flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Yellow Sea of Korea. Homoglobin levels in serum of cultured and wild flounders in Yellow Sea were significantly lower (5 - 15% and 20 -25 % , respectively) than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Triglyceride (TG) contents in serum of cultured flounders in Yellow Sea were 10 - 40% higher than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Total and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol contents in serum of flounders in Yellow Sea were significantly 10-15% and 30-35% (cultured), and 10-20% (wild), respectively, higher than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Atherogenic index (AI) and T-Chol/PL rations in serum of cultured and wild flounders in Yellow sea were significantly 20-45% and 10-!5%, 6-35% and 15-35%, respectively, higher than those of wild flounder in pohang. These results suggest that near-coastal waters as well as neritic waters of the Yellow Sea might be affected by pollutant input.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.30-36
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• 1984

This study was to investigate the organophosphorus insecticide residues in crops including five kinds of vegetables and two kinds of fruits. The pesticides investigated in spring-radish, spring Chinese cabbage, cucumber and tomato were diazinon, DEP and malathion, in unripe pepper EPN and PAP, in peach EPN, parathion and demeton-methyl, and in grape EPN, PAP and MEP. All samples were analysed by gas chromatographic technique with NPD detector. No one sample was found to approach proposed national maximum residue limits in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.210-214
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• 2003

Pesticide residues in some vegetables collected at Noeun wholesale market in Daejeon were surveyed and assessed their risk. In 100 samples, the detection rate of pesticide was 46.0% and the rate exceed MRL was 6.0%. Commodities showing high detection rate were lettuce(85.0%), perilla leaf(80.0%) and cucumber(60.0%). Dicarboximide, organochlorine, and azole fungicides and organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides were detected. Detection frequency of pesticide was in the order of procymidone, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, cypermethrin and EPN. When the estimated intake amount of the pesticides were compared with ADI to assess their risk, bitertanol, triflumizole and iprobenphos in perilla leaf were higher rate than the other vegetables. However the total amounts of intake of pesticides were estimated to less than 0.46% of ADI.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 2007

An organophosphorus insecticide, chlorpyrifos, has been of a great concern due to persistence, toxicity and accumulation in soils and groundwaters. This study deals with degradation efficiency and dechlorination kinetics of chlorpyrifos by various types of zerovalent irons (ZVIs) for effective remediation of the soils contaminated with chlorinated pesticides. Chlorpyrifos degradation rate was increased with increasing ZVI treatment amount and reaction time. The degradation rate and dechlorination kinetics of chlorpyrifos increased in the order of mZVI > nZVI > cZVI in solutions and soils. Dechlorination number value of chlorpyrifos by cZVI, nZVI and mZVI treatment exhibited 1.08, 3.09 and 3.18, respectively. In soils, degradation efficiency and kinetics of chlorpyrifos significantly were affected by moisture content because of the limited contact between ZVIs and chlorpyrifos. These results suggest that nanosized and functionalized mZVI could be effectively applied to degradation of chlorinated pesticides in the soil and aqueous environments.