• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.641-646
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• 2008

In this research, recovery of high quality organics from excess activated sludge and its potential as a external carbon sources for BNR process was studied. By simultaneous treatment of alkali and ozone, TSS concentration was reduced by 32%, and RBDCOD fraction was increased by 76.2%, and major constitute of produced organic were acetic acid and propionic acid. Also, nitrogen and phosphorus were greatly solubilized. However, because acid-hydrolyzable phosphorus(AHP) was major part of solubilized phosphorus, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and $PO_4{^3}-P$ concentration were insufficient for effective formation of crystal like as MAP(Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate) and hydroxyapatite. By placing BPR reactor before alkali-ozone treatment reactor, $PO_4{^3}-P$ concentration in pretreated sludge was increased by 1.8 times, and improved potential of phosphorus recovery by crystallization. In experiment of crystallization, hydroxyapatite formation was more easily applied than MAP. By hydroxyapatite formation, $SCOD/PO_4-P$ ratio was greatly increased from 32.7 at control to 141.9 at $Ca^{2+}/PO{_4}^{3-}-P$ mole ratio of 2.4. The results based on this study indicated that the proposed system configuration has potential to reduce the excess sludge production, to recover phosphorus in usable forms as well as utilize organics as a external carbon source in BNR process.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.340-348
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• 2005

Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to compare the performance of two types of sequencing batch reactor(SBR) systems, anoxic-oxic-anoxic-oxic $((AO)_2)$ SBR and anoxic-oxic-anoxic $(A_2O)$ SBR on the biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Also, the profiles of DO and pH in reactors were used to monitor the biological nutrient removal in two SBRs. The break point in the pH and DO curves at the oxic period coincided with the end of nitrifying activity at about 1 h 30 min in oxic phase, and the change in pH appears to be related to nitrate concentration. The TOC removal efficiency in $A_2O$ SBR was higher than that in $(AO)_2$ SBR. The denitrification was completed at the influent period. The 2nd non-aeration and aeration periods were not necessary for the nitrogen and phosphorus removal because of the low influent TOC concentration in this study. The release and uptake of phosphorus in $AO_2$ SBR was much higher than that in $(AO)_2SBR.$ In order to uptake more phosphorus, the 1st aeration period in $A_2O$ SBR should be prolonged.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2000

현재 친환경농업을 위한 하나의 대체농법으로 인식되고 있는 유기농업실천 농가포장을 대상으로, 시설재배지 36곳, 논 10곳, 과수원 8곳을 전국에서 선발 표층토내 인산의 분포특성과 주요 화학적 특성을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 유기농업포장의 화학성중 평균 유기물함량은 시설재배지 $44g\;kg^{-1}$, 논 $26g\;kg^{-1}$, 과수원 $39g\;kg^{-1}$으로 국내 90년대 농지내 평균 유기물 함량에 비해 높게 분포하였다. 유효인산 함량은 시설재배지 $986mg\;kg^{-1}$ 과수원 $754mg\;kg^{-1}$, 전인산은 각각 2973과 $2303mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 과량의 인산이 축적되고 있었다. 이는 유기농업실천 농가에서 질소와 인의 비율(N/Pratio)이 낮은 축분을 비옥도 관리에 주로 이용하기 때문으로 해석되었다. 시설재배지와 과수원 토양에서는 전인산(T-P)의 62~80%로 무기태 인(Inorganic-P) 형태로 존재하여 가장 높은 비율로 차지하였으며, 논토양에서는 Residual-P가 전인산의 50%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 인산분획특성(P Fractionation)중 시설재배지와 과수원 토양내에서는 Ca-P가 약 $1,330mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 Extractable P 중 가장 높은 비율을 점하고 있었으며, 이는 두 토양의 높은 pH 영향으로 해석되었다. 반면 논토양내에서는 Fe-P가 Extractable P의 대부분을 차지하고 있어 토양의 이용특성간 분포차이가 있었다. 그리고 수용성 인산이 시설재배지 $65mg\;kg^{-1}$, 과수원 $26mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 비교적 높게 검출되었다. 결과적으로 친환경 농법으로 인식되고 있는 현재 우리의 유기농업 실천농가포장의 상당부분 인산이 과량축적되고 있으며, 이로 인한 토양환경 악화 초래 및 주변수계의 부영양화 유발가능성이 있을 것으로 예측되어 세심한 관리가 필요할 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2011년도 30주년 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.188-195
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• 2011

Red lateritic soils are typically low in total organic carbon (TOC) and available phosphorus (AP) content and continuous fertilization is required to obtain desired crop yield. In this experiment, cattle manure in three forms (air-dried, composted and vermicomposted) were applied to red lateritic soil to study their effect on TOC and AP content of soil and probable mechanism of P-solubilization as affected by these treatments were also studied. Vermicompost was the most effective to solubilize insoluble P in red lateritic soil (Alfisols) as compared to other organic amendments (air-dried cattle manure and compost). The highest SPA in vermicompost-treated soil attributed to the comparatively higher concentration of all the three SPA isozymes in these soils. The maximum P-solubilization in these soils might be attributed to the highest SPA and presence of several organic acids like citric, lactic and oxalic acids in vermicompost-treated soils. Since, vermicompost application also increased TOC, mineralizable N and exchangeable K content of soil, vermicompost could be considered as the most rational organic amendment to improve chemical properties of red lateritic soils.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.172-183
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• 1976

인산감수성(燐酸感受性)이 다른 대두(大豆)를 암모니움태, 질산태, 뇨소태질소의 배양액에 길러 엽(葉)과 근(根)에서 RNA, DNA 및 기타 인산형태(燐酸形態)를 정량하였다. 인산감수성(燐酸感受性)인 품종(品種)은 내성(耐性)인 품종(品種)보다 모든 질소원(窒素源)에서 산가용무기린산함량(酸可溶無機燐酸含量)이 높았다. 산가용무기린산(酸可溶無機燐酸)은 요소배양(尿素培養)에 가장 높았고 질산태배양(窒酸態培養)에서 가장 낮았다. 전인산(全燐酸) 함량(含量)은 산가용무기린(酸可溶無機燐)의 증가(增加)에 의(依)하여 가장 영향(影響)을 받았다. 산가용무기린산(酸可溶無機燐酸)이 증가(增加)하면 산가용유기린산(酸可溶有機燐酸), 지질인산(脂質燐酸) 리보핵산인(核酸燐)과 잔여인산(殘餘燐酸)이 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이나 데옥시 리보핵산(核酸)은 변화가 거의 없었다. 질산태배양식물(窒酸態培養植物)에서 전린산(全燐酸)에 대(對)한 리보 핵산인(核酸燐)이나 데옥시리보핵산인(核酸燐)의 백분률(百分率)은 암모니움 배양(培養)의 그것보다 두배가 되었으며 질소원(窒素源)에 관계(關係)없이 내성품종(耐性品種)에서 역시 높았다 전산가용인(全酸可溶燐)에 대(對)한 산가용유기린(酸可溶有機燐)의 백분률(百分率)은 인산감수성(燐酸感受性)이 적을수록 적었다. 인산감수성(燐酸感受性)은 인산대사(燐酸代謝)풀의 상대적(相對的) 크기에 의존(依存)됨을 나타낸다. 전건물생산량(全乾物生産量)은 전인산함량(全燐酸含量)과 부상관(負相關)이고 (-0.84로 1% 수준유의(水準有意)) 산가용무기린(酸可溶無機燐) (-0.84로 1% 수준유의(水準有意))이나 잔여인(殘餘燐) (-0.69로 5% 수준유의(水準有意))과도 부상관(負相關)이었다. 산가용유기린(酸可溶有機燐)을 지질인(脂質燐), 리보핵산인(核酸燐) 및 데옥시 리보핵산인(核酸燐)과 정(正)의 상관성(相關性)을 보이나 잔여인(殘餘燐)과는 부(負)의 관계(關係)였다. 리보핵산인(核酸燐)은 지질인(脂質燐)과만 유의정상관(有意正相關)(0.63, 1% 수준(水準))을 갖는다. 질소원(窒素源), 품종(品種) 그리고 인산대사(燐酸代謝)풀 간(間)에는 유의성(有意性)있는 (1%수준(水準)) 교호작용(交互作用)이 있었다. 인산감수성(燐酸感受性)과 암모니움해독(害毒)은 에너지 대사면(代謝面)에서 동일(同一)한 것으로 보였다. 즉(卽) 전자(前者)는 아데노신 3 인산(燐酸)을 아데노신 2 인산(燐酸)으로의 轉換(에너지방출)을인산(燐酸) 포텐샬을 통해 저해하며 후자(後者)는 아데노신3 인산(燐酸)의 생성(生成)(에너지 저장(貯藏))을 저해하는것 같다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.179-187
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• 1980

토양(土壤)(화산회질(火山灰質) 및 흑이질(黑泥質))을 그 특성(特性)의 하나인 입경별로 분화(分畵)하고 Silt부(部)를 다시 비중별(比重別)로 분화(分畵)하여 전인산(全憐酸), 유기인산(有機憐酸), 무기인산(無機憐酸)의 분포양식(分布樣式)을 밝히고, 인산(憐酸)의 집적(集積)을 좌우(左右)하는 요인(要因)을 해명(解明)하고자 하였다. 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 전인산(全憐酸), 유기인산(有機憐酸), 무기인산(無機憐酸) 공(共)히 입경 $20{\mu}$에서 급증(急增)하고 입경이 작아질수록 증가(增加)하였다. 2. 입경별 인산(燐酸)의 집적비율(集積比率)(각입경부인산 분포량(分布量)의 입경분화전 원토(原土)의 값에 대한 비율(比率))은 입경 $2{\mu}$ 이하(以下)에서 1 이상(以上), $2{\mu}$ 이상(以上)에서 1 이하(以下)였다. 즉 유기인산(有機憐酸), 무기인산(無機憐酸) 공(共)히 입경 $2{\mu}$ 이하(以下)의 점토부(粘土部)에서 농축(濃縮)이 되어 있었다. 3. 전인산(全憐酸), 유기인산(有機憐酸), 무기인산(無機憐酸) 공(共)히 비중(比重) 1.7-2.0부(部)에서 최다(最多)였고, 이어 1.4-1.7배(部), 2.0 이하부(以上部)가 따랐다. 4. 비중별(比重別) 인산(燐酸)의 집적비율(集積比率)(각비중부인산(各比重部憐酸) 분포량(分布量)의 비중분화전(比重分畵前) Silt부(部)의 값에 대한 비율(比率))은 비중(比重) 1.7-2.0부(部)에서 최고(最高)(1.30~1.58)였으며, 1.4-1.7부(部)에서도 1 이상(以上)(1.22~1.47), 2.0이상부(以上部)에서 1 이하(以下)(0. 50~0.80)였다. 5. 입경별 및 비중별(比重別) 인산분포(憐酸分布), 집적(集積)에 대해 유기물기복합체에 의거(依據)하는 것으로 생각이 되었다. 또 무기인산(無機憐酸)의 분포(分布), 집적(集積)은 유기무기복합체를 형성(形成)하는 무기성분(無機成分)과 밀접(密接)한 것으로 보아 유기인산(有機憐酸)과 무기인산(無機憐酸)의 분포(分布), 집적요인(集積要因)사이에는 밀접(密接)한 관계(開係)가 있는 것으로 추정(推定)되었다.

• ALGAE
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2013

Some Chlorella species grow heterotrophically with organic substrate in dark condition. However, heterotrophic Chlorella species are limited and their optimum culture conditions are not fully known. In this study, three heterotrophic Chlorella species, two strains (C4-3 and C4-4) of C. vulgaris and one Chlorella sp. (C4-8) were examined on optimum culture conditions such as carbon source, temperature, and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jaworski's medium (JM). And the growth and fatty acid composition of Chlorella were analyzed. For three heterotrophic Chlorella species, glucose (1-2%) as a carbon source only increased the growth and the range of optimum culture temperature was $26-28^{\circ}C$. Doubled concentrations of the nitrogen or phosphorus in JM medium also improved the growth of Chlorella. Chlorella cultured heterotrophically showed significantly higher growth rate and bigger cell size than those autotrophically did. C. vulgaris (C4-3) cultured heterotrophically showed the highest biomass in dry weight ($0.8g\;L^{-1}$) among three species. With respect to fatty acid composition, the contents of C16:0 and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) were significantly higher in autotrophic Chlorella than in heterotrophic one and those of total lipid were not different between different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in JM medium. Among three Chlorella species in this study, C. vulgaris (C4-3) appeared to be the most ideal heterotrophic Chlorella species for industrial application since it had a high biomass and lipid content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.369-373
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• 2015

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cellulose concentration in diets containing no phosphorus (P) on the basal endogenous loss (BEL) of P in growing pigs. Twelve barrows (an initial mean body weight = $49.6{\pm}3.2kg$) were individually housed in metabolism crates. Pigs were allotted to 4 experimental diets according to a cross-over design with 12 animals and 2 periods. Four P-free diets were mainly based on corn starch, sucrose, and gelatin, and were formulated to contain 0%, 4%, 8%, or 12% cellulose. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation and a 5-d collection period. The marker-to-marker method was used for fecal collection. The feed intake (p<0.05, linear and quadratic) and dry feces output (p<0.01, linear and quadratic) were increased with increasing dietary cellulose concentration. However, P concentration in the feces was decreased (p<0.01, linear and quadratic) with increasing dietary cellulose concentration. There was no significant difference in total P output and the BEL of P as mg per kg DMI (ranging from 157 to 214 mg/kg of dry matter intake) among experimental diets. However, values for the apparent total tract digestibility of energy, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and calcium were linearly decreased (p<0.01) with increasing cellulose concentration in the diet. In conclusion, dietary cellulose affected the amount of feces and digestibility of energy and nutrients, but did not affect the endogenous loss of P.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.609-614
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• 2010

The effluent from anaerobic digestion contains organic nitrogen and phosphorus, which are both required for growth of Spirulina platensis. Effluent (20%) from the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) from a pig farm, supplemented with 4.5 g/l sodium bicarbonate ($NaHCO_3$) and 0.2 g/l urea fertilizer (46:0:0, N:P:K), was found to be not only a suitable medium for the growth of Spirulina platensis but also a low-cost alternative. Cost calculation showed that this medium is 4.4 times cheaper than modifized Zarrouk's medium. The average productivities of a semi-continuous culture grown under outdoor conditions in a 6-1 scale and a 100-1 pilot scale were 19.9 $g/m^2/d$ and 12 $g/m^2/d$, respectively. In addition, the biomass of organisms grown in UASB effluent contained approximately 57.9% protein, 1.12% $\gamma$-linolenic acid, and 19.5% phycocyanin. The average rates of bicarbonate, total nitrogen, and phosphorus removal were 380 mg/l/d, 34 mg/l/d, and 4 mg/l/d, respectively.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2005

Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to study the applicability, and to compare the performance of two types of sequencing batch reactor (SBR)systems, a conventional SBR and sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) on the biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The nitrification rate in SaR was higher than that in SBBR both in high influent TOC concentration. The denitrification was completed at the first non-aeration period in SBR, however, the additional non-aeration period should be installed or the first aeration period should be extended more in order to complete the nitrogen removal in SBBR. The time at the first aeration period was more needed as about 4-5 h in order to uptake all the released $PO_4^{3-}\;-P$ at the first non-aeration period. SBBR needed more operation time, especially the first aeration time, than SBR at the high influent TOC concentration in order to complete nitrogen and phosphorus removal.