• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.27-50
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• 2010

This paper was to analyze the fusion between the organic and inorganic characteristics performed in architecture and urbanism, especially on the characteristics found in the works of Archigram group who was very active during 1960s and 70s. Generally, it was thought that Archigram drew its ideas mainly from a mechanist metaphor and that the diagrams of its members were based on the notion of the material obsolescence, which could be placed in a British tectonic tradition. But, Archigram's works has been continually influenced by the biological-organic analogy from the birth of the group to its dissolution. Simply, the importance that the biological-organic analogy takes in the works of Archigram has changed periodically according to the change of its members. We can divide generally Archigram group in two parts : on one hand, nascent members such as Peter Cook, Dennis Greene, Michael Webb ; on the another hand, three members who participated from LCC such as Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton. As the new three LCC members participated, Archigram Group focalized on the technological part more than ever. But, when its members dispersed geographically and professionally, its biological-organic analogy came out again at the surface of their works. However, Archigram's organic and inorganic characteristics did not always adhere in opposing position with each other and took the form of coexistence in harmony at the same period. That is, the works of Archigram were persuing the creation of community that nature, technology and architecture could communicate and harmonize with each other through the intergration between organic and inorganic characteristics. The reason why Archigram became the one of the most excellent architectural avant-garde group in the 60s was mainly to receive asssitance with the fact that two small groups having contradictory tendencies got together and formed the Archigram group.

• 복식
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.85-102
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• 2002

The research has the aim of defining the special characteristics of the functionalist fashion design in the 20th century by understanding the essence of functionalism in the sociocultural contexts and studying functionalism in fashion design and architectural and product design by the comparative. Giving careful consideration to functionalist fashion design in the 20th century makes it possible to foresee the way of fashion design to meet the needs of the moderns and men of the future world. To obtain the purposes, documentary study and comparative study have been executed. Main results are as follows. Functionalism stressed in the beginning of the 20th century can be defined and categorized using three analogies, mechanical analogy of futuristic quality based on mechanical aesthetics and standardization by mass production, organic analogy in which the perfect beauty of nature is stressed on, moral analogy of fitness for purpose and absence of ornament based on integrity and sincerity. In while, functionalism in 1990s has been developed in different ways from those analogies. In comparative studies, functionalist fashion design and architectural and product design have the dissimilarity as well as the similarity of formative features. Since fashion design has much closer relation to human body and movements. it has been expressed considering a division of men and women and the places and times for the designs more than other designs.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2002

The first purpose of this research is to investigate the functionalistic concept through the general consideration of Functionalism, and to study the art's aesthetic value of functionalistic expressionist artists implication and form in terms of architecture and product design. Secondly, it analyzes the implication and shape of Functionalism towards 'Art to Wear', which can be explained as a mixture of fashion and art. The results are as follows; First, functionalistic 'Art to Wear' of Mechanical Analogy appears to have futuristic inclination stressing the significance of geometric shapes and machine aesthetics. It uses new materials, and reduce an unnecessary work of art to convey more accurate, concrete and effective character of form. Secondly, functionalistic 'Art to Wear' of Organic Analogy regards natural elements as important to pursue the warm human nature. Also, it appears to be free and comforting forms of Functionalism through an organic silhouette. Thirdly, functionalistic 'Art to Wear' of Moral Analogy excludes excessive ornaments, and includes the implication of appropriate and purposive purity which serves for practical function.

• 복식
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.155-172
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• 2002

The research has the aim of defining the special characteristics of the functionalist fashion design in the 1900s by understanding the essence of functionalism in the sociocultural contexts. Giving careful consideration to functionalist fashion design in the 1990s makes it possible to foresee the way of fashion design to meet the needs of the modems and men of the future world. To obtain the purposes, documentary study and demonstrative study with fashion photographs have been executed. Main results are as follows. Functionalism in the 1990s has been developed in different ways from the analogies in the beginning of the 20th century. It doesn't belong to an analogy but has the fused characteristics. It can be classified into techno functionalism influenced by new technology Pure functionalism related to minimalism. casual functionalism for those who are crazy about the speed and sports and enjoy the freedom and comfort and symbolic functionalism. Mechanical analogy has been developed into techno functionalism. Pure functionalism has come from the blend of mechanical and moral analogy, casual functionalism from mechanical. organic and moral analogy. and symbolic functionalism from organic and moral analogy. Since fashion design has much closer relation to human body and movements. it has been expressed considering a division of men and women and the places and times for the designs more than other designs. More casual manners of formal wear are distinct elements in functionalist fashion design in the 1990s. The 20th century general cultural phenomena including post modernism can be explained by eclectic functionalism. Functionalism considering Practical and conceptional functions ill continue and techno functionalism and casual functionalism in future fashion design will be expressed more strongly with new technology and casual trends of life style.

• 멤브레인
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2002

본 총설에서는 전기투석 공정의 운전과 설계 능력 향상을 위해 이온교환막의 막오염현상에 관한 연구를 조사하였다. 이온교환막의 막오염현상을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 압력차를 구동력으로 하는 막공정의 막오염지수와 유사한 전기투석 막오염지수(EDMFI)를 정의하였다. 막오염현상은 무기오염원인 실리카졸과 유기 오염원인 휴믹산과 BSA를 함유한 전기 투석 실험 결과를 비교하여 연구되었다. 이 비교에서 EDMFI는 전기투석 공정의 막오염경향을 정량적인 척도로 유용하게 이용될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 새로운 오염저감 기술로 사각파 전원이 유효함이 유기 오염물을 포함한 전기투석 실험결과에서 보고되었다. 이펄스 형태의 사각파 전원은 최적주파수에서 막오염현상을 현저하게 감소시킬 수 있었다.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.1361-1378
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• 2010

This paper argues that it is possible to construct an analogy of the literary fragment to an organic individual on the basis of an autonomous system of organic unity by reading William Wordsworth's ways of self-writing in The Prelude. The organicity of a fragment is borrowed from Friedrich Schlegel's theoretic and literary approach to the Romantic fragment. Focusing primarily on the two "spots of time" in Book Twelfth, I attempt to formulate a reciprocal relationship between a work of art and a literary autobiographer in terms of the self-generativity of the fragment. To be precise, both the fragment and the autobiographical project presuppose and at the same time depend on the engendering force of an organic unity and its resistance to discontinuity, which ironically affirms the persistent threat of disruption and death. Rewriting traumatic childhood experiences as rites of passage into adulthood, the two specified "spots of time" show the dominant mode of memory operative in the poem. Asserting the prominence of the individual as the very vehicle of realizing universal humanity, Wordsworth tries to re-form his individuality grounded in his childhood memories in a literary fashion. Under the premise that the poet is remembered by his posterity, The Prelude is constituted and reconstituted in conjunction with different versions of each memory. The poem also marks the poet's unachieved project of writing a philosophical poem, namely, The Recluse; for this very reason, The Prelude, which is complete in itself, points to an eternal work in progress, turning the truth of every fragment complete in its incompletion. As a trope of fragmentation, an autobiographical individuality is reformed in the poet's process of writing and re-visioning while simultaneously being dispersed once again between words, sentences, and pages.

• 영미문화
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.27-50
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• 2009

Henry James tries to describe minutely in The Wings of the Dove the process in which a bad faith grows, is practiced in one's self, and spreads to a society. Through this fictional specificity, he embodies an analogy between a bad faith and social role-playing. That is, he shows, through the main characters such as Milly Theale and Merton Densher, how self interacts with the other and a society. In this interaction, there is some essential element, namely, an organic relationship between a self identity and a social role-model, which James describes very meticulously. Therefore, the characters are depicted as seeking to define self identity and eventually distorting it. Thus, The Wings of the Dove can be seen as a tragedy in which the characters who have this wrongly distorted self identity come to experience its effects. The distorted self identity appears to function as a social role. Milly distorts her true self identity by internalizing a dove-image for it. This results in a bad faith. Moreover, the American girl Milly utilizes it as a convenient social role-model which makes it easy for her to interact and engage with the others in the European society. Merton also evades adventurous and painful self-reflection and self-criticism by sticking to the mannerisms of gentlemanship and imitates the sublimity which Milly shows him. Thus, Milly and Merton clearly omit self-inspection and self-inquiry for the contact between a free self and a society, which is essential to obtain social objectivity, namely, intersubjectivity.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1455-1466
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• 2002

This research focuses on functionalism in American fashion designs which have become the center of public attention in recent. First, documentary studies about how functionalism, which originated in Europe in the beginning of the 20th century, has been developed throughout the 20th century were preceded Second, content analysis was done for the articles, including the word ‘unction’,‘utility’ and ‘practical’in the New York Times and American Vogue from January 1990 to January 2001. As a result, functionalism in 1990s has been developed in different ways from the mechanical, organic, and mea analogies of functionalism in the beginning of 20th century. It doesn't belong to an analogy but has the fused characteristics of those three analogies. It can be classified into techno functionalism influenced by new technology, pure functionalism related to minimalism, sports casual functionalism for those who are crazy about the speed and sports and enjoy the freedom and comfort, and symbolic functionalism which stresses Zen style. More casual manners of formal wear are distinct elements in functionalist fashion design in 1990s. It leads to strong expressions of sports casual functionalism, which plays a great role in sportswear industry of American fashion design. The American fashion designers who were mentioned often in the articles were Donna Karan, Calvin Klein, Ralph lauren and Tommy Hilfiger. As well as their works have common formative features based on functionalism, each of them shows his/her own strung color. A]1 of these designers make American fashion design, which can be defined as casual wear or sportswear, very popular worldwide based on the developed American functionalism. Functionalism considering practical and conceptional functions will continue in coming century and techno functionalism and sports casual functionalism in future fashion designs wilt be expressed more strongly with new technology and casual trends of life style.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.338-347
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• 2005

Horizontal-Flow Roughing Filtration (HRF) is one of altemative pretreatment methods e.g. prior to Slow Sand Filtration (SSF). However, some of its limitations are that the effluent quality drops drastically at higher turbidity (>200 NTU) and at higher filtration rate (>1 m/h). To overcome these drawbacks, we suggested Direct Horizontal-Flow Roughing Filtration (DHRF), which is a modified system of Horizontal-Flow Roughing (HRF) by addition of low dose of coagulant prior to filtration. In this study to optimize the DHRF configuration, a conceptual and mathematical model for the coarse compartment has been developed in analogy with multi-plate settlers. Data from simple column settling test can be used in the model to predict the filter performance. Furthermore, the model developed herein has been validated by successive experiments carried out. The conventional column settling test has been found to be an handy and useful to predict the performance of DHRF for different raw water characteristics (e.g. coagulated or uncoagulated water, different presence of organic matter, etc.) and different inital process conditions (e.g. coagulant dose, mixing time and intensity, etc.). An optimum filter design for the coarse compartment (grain size 20mm) has been found to be of 3 m/h filtration rate with filter length of 4-4.5 m.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.92-96
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• 2019

In the presence of ${\mu}-tip$ embedded in a slot-die head for stripe coatings, there arises the capillary flow that limits an increase of the stripe density, which is required for the potential applications in organic light-emitting diode displays. With an attempt to suppress it, we have employed a computational fluid dynamics software and performed simulations by varying the ${\mu}-tip$ length and the contact angles of the head lip and ${\mu}-tip$. We have first demonstrated that such a capillary flow phenomenon (a spread of solution along the head lip) observed experimentally can be reproduced by the computational fluid dynamics software. Through simulations, we have found that stronger capillary flow is observed in the hydrophilic head lip with a smaller contact angle and it is suppressed effectively as the contact angle increases. When the contact angle of the head lip increases from $16^{\circ}$ to $130^{\circ}$, the distance a solution can reach decreases sharply from $256{\mu}m$ to $44{\mu}m$. With increasing contact angle of the ${\mu}-tip$, however, the solution flow along the ${\mu}-tip$ is disturbed and thus the capillary flow phenomenon becomes more severe. If the ${\mu}-tip$ is long, the capillary flow also appears strong due to an increase of flow resistance (electronic-hydraulic analogy). It can be suppressed by reducing the ${\mu}-tip$ length, but not as effectively as reducing the contact angle of the head lip.