• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.144-156
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the influence of social capital on the depression of older adults living in rural areas. Methods: Data sets were obtained from the 2019 Korea Community Health Survey. The participants were 39,390 older adults over 65 years old living in rural areas. Indicators of social capital included trust, reciprocity, network, and social participation. Depression-the dependent variable-was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Hierarchical ordinal logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with depression after adjusting the data numbers to 102,601 by applying the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE). Results: The independent variables-indicators of social capital-exhibited significant association with the depression of older adults. The odds ratios of depression were higher in groups without social capital variables. Conclusion: To reduce depression, we recommend increasing social capital. Factors identified in this study need to be considered in older adult depression intervention programs and policies.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.559-569
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• 2020

One of the deep-running algorithms, CNN's artificial intelligence application uses off-chip memory to store data on the Convolution Layer. DMA can reduce processor load at every data transfer. It can also reduce application performance degradation by varying the order in which data from the Convolution layer is transmitted to the global buffer of the accelerator. For basic layouts with continuous memory addresses, SG-DMA showed about 3.4 times performance improvement in pre-setting DMA compared to using ordinaly DMA, and for Ideal layouts with discontinuous memory addresses, the ordinal DMA was about 1396 cycles faster than SG-DMA. Experiments have shown that a combination of memory data layout and DMA can reduce the DMA preset load by about 86 percent.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.144-158
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate what kinds of statistical techniques have been used to analyze data from oriental medicine research, For study, 551 original articles which used statistical techniques in their data analysis were selected form the articles published in The journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society(JKAMS) between 1984 to 2002. among them, 122 articles used descriptive statistics while 429 articles used inferential statistics for data analysis. For that 429 articles, t-test (189 articles), analysis fo variance (111 articles), chi-square test (14 articles), correlation (10 articles), regression analysis (4 articles), factor analysis(5 articles), or nonparametric test (23 articles) were chose to analyze the data. Nonparametric approach has substantial power in case data do not meet the assumption of normality. This method is not only easy to use ut also provides measures of the statistical variation of nominal and ordinal scale. This study shows that more and more recent papers use nonparametric test compared to the old articles. nine different statistical software or packages (SAS, SPSS, Statview, Minitab, Sigma plot, ISP, Graphpad prism, Excel, Access) have been used in the articles published JKMAS. High level statistical techniques such as SAS, SPSS, and Statview are user friendly and used most for acupuncture and Moxibustion research. Including tables and plots in an article facilitates understanding family process data from a descriptive standpoint, minimized erroneous statistical conclusions, and clarifies theoretically important relationships among variables. Table and plots have been used 500 and 233 articles, respectively. A computer procedure is proposed and illustrated with statistical packages using SAS, SPSS, Statview and ISP.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.690-703
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• 2013

This study investigated the dietary behaviors and consumption of convenience foods among salaried men in Busan, Korea, and compared them based on the men's nutritional knowledge level. A questionnaire was developed based on the review of literatures and was distributed to 250 office workers in Busan in February 2013. A total of 224 data were used for the analyses. ${\chi}^2$-tests were employed for the nominal data while Mann-Whitney' U-tests were used for the ordinal data. Leven's tests were first performed before the t-tests for the interval data. Almost 60% of the respondents were female, 50% were in their 30s and 68% lived with other family members. The mean score of the nutritional knowledge test was 13.78 out of 20. Women and those who graduated from college or higher were likely to get a better score than men and those who graduated from high school or below. The respondents were divided into two groups for further analyses: Low (LK) vs. High (HK) knowledge score groups. LKs were more likely to consume 20 convenience foods than HKs. Although the respondents recognized the nutritional disadvantages of consuming convenience foods for an extended period, they continue to eat them because they lack time and further, it is quick and easy to consume convenience foods instead of preparing meals from scratch.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.104-110
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• 2010

In the field of biotechnology, computer can play varied roles such as the ordinal analysis, ordianl comparison, nutation tracing, analogy comparison for drug design, estimation of protein function, cell mechanism, and verifying the role of a gene for preventing diseases. Additionally, by constructing database, it can provide an application for the cloning process in other data researches, and be used as a basis for the comparative genetics. For the most of researcher about biotechnology, they need to use the tool that can do all of job above. This study is focused on looking into problems of existing systems to analysis bio data, and designing an improved analyzing system that can propose a solution. In additional, it has been considered to improve the performance of each constituent, and all the constituents, which have been separately processed, are combind in a single system to get over old problems of the existing system.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 2015

Although researches have highlighted the important role of enhanced farm biosecurity to reduce the severity and prevalence of diseases in livestock, to date there has been little study in Korea on farmers' adoption of biosecurity measures to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. To mitigate the risk of PRRSV infection in pigs, the risk factors by which PRRSV is introduced in pig farms must be determined. The primary aim of this study was to investigate pig producers' perceptions about on-farm biosecurity practices. We also analyzed data obtained from a cross-sectional study on 196 farrow-to-finish farms conducted between March 2013 and February 2014 to identify risk factors for PRRSV infection at farm level. Standardized questionnaires with information about basic demographical data and management practices were collected in each farm by on-site visit of trained veterinarians. Farms were classified as negative or positive through the use of infection profiles that combined data on PCR positive pigs and serological testing including antibody titer, sero-conversion pattern at each age category, and vaccination status. Data on biosecurity practices, farm management and environmental characteristics were analyzed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression. Generally, the biosecurity level in the pig farms included in this study were insufficient to reduce/prevent the risk of PRRSV infection given the high pig density areas and the considerable extent of vehicle movement. Factors associated with PRRSV infection were those where owners used on-farm vaccination programs had a lower risk of infection (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.06-0.61). The results from the analysis may guide to tailor biosecurity measures in the reduction or prevention of PRRS to the specific circumstances of pig farms in different localities of the world. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study to report information on the biosecurity practices currently implemented on Korean pig farms.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.783-796
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• 2013

This study investigated dietary patterns among the elderly over 75 years old living in Jeollanam-do area in May 2012. Although structured interviews were conducted with 236 consenting subjects, only 194 who completed the ADL, IADL, and K-MMSE tests were used for statistical data analysis. Using ADL, IADL, K-MMSE scores, cluster analysis was first performed and resulted in two groups: IFG (Insufficiently Functioning Group) and SFG (Sufficiently Functioning Group). Chi-square tests for nominal scales, Mann-Whitney tests for ordinal scales, and ANOVAs and t-tests for interval and ratio scales were conducted to compare two groups. More than 70% of IFG were illiterates compared to 28.1% of SFG. 'Excessive eating', 'appetite', 'digestion', and 'balanced diet' did not differ between groups. SFG more frequently had snacks and ate out and were more likely to take health supplements than IFG. Among the 100 major food items, consumption frequencies of several foods differed between groups. Study implications and limitations were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.389-394
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to examine the relationship between life stress and depression, and the effect of social support of 100 Koreans living in the Phillippines. Theoretically social support is considered to mediate the relationship between lift stress and depression. Method: Data were collected from April 1 to May 30, 2002 and analysed using SAS. The first, two hypotheses were tested using Gamma, a measure of association for ordinal variables. Partial gamma was used to test the third hypothesis. Patterns of elaboration described by Babbie(1986) were selected to interpret the relationship of the three variables in the analysis. Results: 1) There was a positive relationship between life stress and depression(Gamma=.45, p=.017), and a inverse relationship between social support and depression(Gamma=-.561, p=.002). Thus the first, two hypotheses were supported. 2) When social support was controlled, the relationship between life stress and depression increased under the condition of low social support but with high social support, the relationship decreased. Conclusion: It can be interpreted that life stress is positively related to depression under the condition of low social support, however this relationship may be reversed with high social support.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.275-292
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• 2010

Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves can be used to assess the accuracy of tests measured on ordinal or continuous scales. The most commonly used measure for the overall diagnostic accuracy of diagnostic tests is the area under the ROC curve(AUC). When two ROC curves are constructed based on two tests performed on the same individuals, statistical analysis on differences between AUCs must take into account the correlated nature of the data. This article focuses on confidence interval estimation of the difference between paired AUCs. We compare nonparametric, maximum likelihood, bootstrap and generalized pivotal quantity methods, and conduct a monte carlo simulation to investigate the probability coverage and expected length of the four methods.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.927-940
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• 2023

Online shopping has been undergoing significant developments in the South Asian region in the last decade. Using a representative sample of Sri Lankan consumers, this study explored online food purchasing behavior in Sri Lanka, a developing nation and island in South Asia. Data were collected from 562 respondents from all nine provinces in Sri Lanka using an online survey. Consumer attitudes were evaluated using factor analysis, and factor scores were added as explanatory variables to the final model. An ordered logistic regression model was used to examine the impact of consumer demographics, economic variables, and consumer attitudes on online food purchases. Online food purchasing intensity was categorized into four groups that suited ordinal rankings: zero for never, low for rarely, medium for occasionally, and high for regularly. Results indicated that age, income, education, and living in urban areas affect the online food purchasing behavior of Sri Lankan consumers. In addition, trust, convenience, and attitudes toward price were powerful drivers of online food purchasing. The findings have a number of significant managerial ramifications for creating strategies to promote online food purchases in developing South Asian nations like Sri Lanka. Moreover, promoting online shopping could be a potential solution for traffic congestion, ultimately helping to mitigate the negative externalities associated with it, such as carbon emissions and air pollution.