Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21239

Influence of Social Capital on Depression of Older Adults Living in Rural Area: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the 2019 Korea Community Health Survey  

Jung, Minho (College of Nursing, Seoul National University)
Kim, Jinhyun (College of Nursing, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing / v.52, no.2, 2022 , pp. 144-156 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the influence of social capital on the depression of older adults living in rural areas. Methods: Data sets were obtained from the 2019 Korea Community Health Survey. The participants were 39,390 older adults over 65 years old living in rural areas. Indicators of social capital included trust, reciprocity, network, and social participation. Depression-the dependent variable-was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Hierarchical ordinal logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with depression after adjusting the data numbers to 102,601 by applying the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE). Results: The independent variables-indicators of social capital-exhibited significant association with the depression of older adults. The odds ratios of depression were higher in groups without social capital variables. Conclusion: To reduce depression, we recommend increasing social capital. Factors identified in this study need to be considered in older adult depression intervention programs and policies.
Keywords
Social Capital; Depression; Aged; Rural Population; Logistic Models;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 4  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Lee JY, Kim DS, Jin MJ, Cho BH, Kim KK, Kwon HJ, et al. Korean Social Trends 2020. Daejeon: Korea Statistics Research Institute; 2020 Dec. Report No.: 11-1240245-000014-10.
2 Song MS, Kim SK, Kim NC. A study on the correlation between elderly women's depression and physical fitness. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science. 2011;13(1):37-43.
3 Seo Y, Kim M, Shim H, Won CW. Differences in the association of neighborhood environment with physical frailty between urban and rural older adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2021;22(3):590-597.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.044   DOI
4 Yoon HS, Lee MJ. Gender, residential areas, retirement transitions, and psychological well-being of the elderly. Korean Journal of Social Welfare. 2006;58(4):197-217.
5 Statistics Korea. 2020 Korean statistical information service [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea; 2021 [cited 2022 Feb 20]. Available from: http://kostat.go.kr/.
6 Kim JY, Choi Y. The effects of social support on depression of older people in local small cities. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association. 2015;15(4):208-219. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2015.15.04.208   DOI
7 Coleman JS. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology. 1988;94 Suppl:S95-S120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943   DOI
8 Lee MS, Kim NY. Study on the effect of social support on depression of the old. Korean Journal of Clinical Social Work. 2007;4(1):161-176.
9 Forsman AK, Nyqvist F, Schierenbeck I, Gustafson Y, Wahlbeck K. Structural and cognitive social capital and depression among older adults in two Nordic regions. Aging & Mental Health. 2012;16(6):771-779. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.667784   DOI
10 Kim KB, Sok SR. Factors influencing depression of the elderly. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing. 2009;20(2):197-206.
11 Vogelsang EM. Older adult social participation and its relationship with health: Rural-urban differences. Health & Place. 2016;42:111-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.09.010   DOI
12 Hsieh CH. A concept analysis of social capital within a health context. Nursing Forum. 2008;43(3):151-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2008.00107.x   DOI
13 Lee HJ, Winters CA. Testing rural nursing theory: Perceptions and needs of service providers. Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care. 2004;4(1):51-63. https://doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v4i1.212   DOI
14 Molm LD. The structure of reciprocity. Social Psychology Quarterly. 2010;73(2):119-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272510369079   DOI
15 Kim D, Subramanian S, Kawachi I. Social capital and physical health. In: Kawachi I, Subramanian S, Kim D, editors. Social Capital and Health. New York: Springer; 2008. p. 139-190.
16 Yim SH. An analysis of regional types of rural areas. Journal of the Korean Association of Regional Geographers. 2005;11(2):211-232.
17 Putnam RD. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York (NY): Simon & Schuster; 2000. p. 1-541.
18 Nyqvist F, Forsman AK, Giuntoli G, Cattan M. Social capital as a resource for mental well-being in older people: A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health. 2013;17(4):394-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.742490   DOI
19 Ko KH, An YH, Kim KW. Measuring and enhancing ways of social capital in local government. Seoul: Korea Research Institute for Local Administration; 2012 Dec. Report No.: 2012-05.
20 Burt RS. The network structure of social capital. Research in Organizational Behavior. 2000;22:345-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22009-1   DOI
21 Legh-Jones H, Moore S. Network social capital, social participation, and physical inactivity in an urban adult population. Social Science & Medicine. 2012;74(9):1362-1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.005   DOI
22 Kim HR. Comparison of prevalence of depression and its risk factors between elders in urban and rural areas. Journal of Korean Living Environment System. 2014;21(1):108-120. https://doi.org/10.21086/ksles.2014.02.21.1.108   DOI
23 Domenech-Abella J, Lara E, Rubio-Valera M, Olaya B, Moneta MV, Rico-Uribe LA, et al. Loneliness and depression in the elderly: The role of social network. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2017;52(4):381-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1339-3   DOI
24 Poortinga W. Do health behaviors mediate the association between social capital and health? Preventive Medicine. 2006;43(6):488-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.06.004   DOI
25 Lee HK, Byeon DH, Park YS, Kim JS, Gil JH. Effects of the laughter therapy on blood pressure, depression and quality of life in rural elderly women. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. 2013;14(4):1810-1819. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2013.14.4.1810   DOI
26 Choi Y, Lee M, Kim E, Seo E. Effectiveness evaluation of depression and suicide prevention program based on Community for home elderly - focusing on Busan Association in Community Care for the Elderly "Big.Ma.Ma" Program -. Journal of Community Welfare. 2018;65:1-29. https://doi.org/10.15300/jcw.2018.65.2.1   DOI
27 Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2001;16(9):606-613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x   DOI
28 Lee YK, Kim SJ, Hwang NH, Lim JM, Joo BH, Namgung EH, et al. The national survey of elderly 2020. Sejong: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs; 2020 Nov. Report No.: 2020-35.
29 Kang H, Park K. Comparison of correlates of depression in late-life between urban and rural areas. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society. 2012;32(1):129-143.
30 Park K, Park YR, Son D. The relationship between social connectedness and depressive symptom: A comparison between the rural and urban elderly. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association. 2020;20(2):667-677. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2020.20.02.667   DOI
31 Lee SH. The subjective expectation and the meaning of AIP(Aging in Place) of the elderly in rural areas. Journal of Public Society. 2017;7(1):135-163. https://doi.org/10.21286/jps.2017.02.7.1.135   DOI
32 Kim JI. Predictive relationships between depression and health status, physical function, and social support of elders in rural areas. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing. 2014;16(3):231-241. https://doi.org/10.17079/jkgn.2014.16.3.231   DOI
33 Kim J. The impact of social capital on depression trajectories in later life. Korean Journal of Social Welfare. 2015;67(3):181-201.   DOI
34 Meng T, Chen H. A multilevel analysis of social capital and self-rated health: Evidence from China. Health & Place. 2014;27:38-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.01.009   DOI
35 Kim JS, Lee SB. The effect of band exercise on health status, activities of daily living & health-related quality of life in the frail elderly. Journal of Wellness. 2010;5(1):93-102.
36 Bewick V, Cheek L, Ball J. Statistics review 14: Logistic regression. Critical Care. 2005;9(1):112-118. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc3045   DOI
37 Djernes JK. Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: A review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2006;113(5):372-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x   DOI
38 Onyx J, Bullen P. Measuring social capital in five communities. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 2000;36(1):23-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886300361002   DOI
39 Jung J, Ernstmann N, Nitzsche A, Driller E, Kowalski C, Lehner B, et al. Exploring the association between social capital and depressive symptoms: Results of a survey in German information and communication technology companies. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2012;54(1):23-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318237a1b6   DOI
40 Choi HS, Choi JH, Park KH, Joo KJ, Ga H, Ko HJ, et al. Standardization of the Korean version of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as a screening instrument for major depressive disorder. Journal of the Korean Academy of Family Medicine. 2007;28(2):114-119.
41 Kim SY, Lee MY. The effects of craft-centered group art therapy on depression and life satisfaction of the elderly living alone. Arts and Human. 2016;2(2):25-43.
42 Oh H, Gang M, Kim MS, Oh K. The effects of the convergence program using traditional play on depression, sense of belonging and suicidal ideation in rural women elderly. Journal of Digital Convergence. 2017;15(12):413-421. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2017.15.12.413   DOI
43 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). The guide for using 2019 Community Health Survey raw data. Cheongju: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency; 2021. p. 1-232.
44 Berkman LF, Syme SL. Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1979;109(2):186-204. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674   DOI
45 Razali NM, Wah YB. Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics. 2011;2(1):21-33.
46 Alexopoulos GS. Depression in the elderly. The Lancet. 2005;365(9475):1961-1970. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66665-2   DOI
47 Lee HK, Sohn MS, Choi M. Factors affecting the mental health of the aged in Korea. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association. 2012;12(12):672-682. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2012.12.12.672   DOI
48 Wong GY, Mason WM. The hierarchical logistic regression model for multilevel analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1985;80(391):513-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1985.10478148   DOI
49 He H, Garcia EA. Learning from imbalanced data. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. 2009; 21(9):1263-1284. https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2008.239   DOI
50 Harris T, Craig T. Social aspects of mood disorders. Psychiatry. 2006;5(5):154-158. https://doi.org/10.1383/psyt.2006.5.5.154   DOI