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  • Title/Summary/Keyword: Orchards

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Survey on Occurrence and Management of Disease and Pests in Organic Peach Orchards (유기재배 복숭아 과원의 관리현황 및 병해충 발생 실태)

  • Kim, Min-Gi;An, Min-Sil;Park, Jong-Ho;Lee, Cho-Rong;Lee, Sang-Beom;Park, Kwang-Lai;Hong, Seung-Gil
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.603-617
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    • 2017
  • The occurrence and management of disease and pests in six organic peach orchards were surveyed from March 2015 to March 2017. In this period, the number of certified organic and non-chemical peach farms increased to 65.5% and 31.7%, respectively. Certified organic peach farms were selected based on more than 4,000m2 of cultivation area and three tons of production, and their cultivation status was examined. All of the farms were either cultivated green manure crop or sod, and limited vegetation control to a minimum. For the management of soil nutrients, many farmers used livestock manure, oilcake and self-manufacturing liquid fertilizer. It was surveyed that bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur, pheromone for mating disruption of moths and plant extract were used for disease and pest control. The damage caused by the pests and diseases were 31.6% and 24.1%, respectively. The oriental fruit moth showed the highest damage rate (13.5%) in the organic peach orchards, followed by the brown rot (13.0%), peach fruit moth (7.3%) and bacterial shot hole (7.3%).

Occurrence of Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker Disease and Control by Cultivation Ope (참다래 궤양병 발생상황과 시설재배에 의한 방제)

  • Ko, Sug-Ju;Lee, Yong-Hwan;Cha, Kwang-Hong;Lee, Seung-Don;Kim, Ki-Chung
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.179-183
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    • 2002
  • to investigate occurrence of kiwifruit bacterial canker disease,172 kiwifmit orchards in Jeonnam and Gyeong-nam provinces were surveyed from March to April in 1999. In the south coast region of Korea, such as Haenam, Wando, Jindo, Jangheung, and Bosuns, red-rusty brown bacterial oozes were observed in 17 kiwifvuit orchards. Disease incidences varied from 2.2% to 100% depending on various regions. Total 22.8 ha of kiwifruit orchards were destroyed by occurrence backerial canker at 1999 in Korea. Orchard in Wando, Jindo, and Goheng were severely damaged in 1999. The seasonal variation of bacterial canker incidence was also investigated from 1996 to 1997 on leaves, vines and twigs of kiwifruit. Red-rusty brown bacterial ooze was exuded from mid February or early March to late April in creaked site of vine and twig. The seasonal incidence of bacterial canker on leaves appeared from late April to late June, and rapidly increased during May, Optimum growth temperature of Pseudomonas sytingae pv. actinidiae was at 25C on King's B medium and did not grow at 33C. We suggest that spreading of bacterial canker was suppressed under the plastic flim and windbreak net house.

Effect of Soil surface Soil Management Practices on Microflora in Volcanic Ash Soils of Citrus Orchard (화산회토 감귤원의 표토관리방법이 토양 미생물상에 미치는 영향)

  • Joa, Jae-Ho;Lim, Han-Cheol;Koh, Sang-wook;Hyun, Hae-Nam
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.165-170
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    • 2004
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different surface soil management practices on soil microflora in volcanic ash soils of citrus orchard. Soil samples were collected from citrus orchards of clean cultivation, grass sod, and grass mulch system in May and September 1997. Soil chemical properties, populations of various microorganisms, enzyme activities, microbial biomass C were analyzed. Average soil pH were 4.7, and average nitrogen and organic matter contents were 6 and 140.2gkg1, respectively. Aerobic bacteria were distributed at 26,247.3×106cfug1 level. Among the aerobic bacteria Pseudomonas spp., Rhizobium spp., and thermophilic Bacillus spp. were dominant in most of the investigated orchard soils. Density of actinomycetes were low at 1.884.6×105cfug1 level. Fungi were distributed at 26.4182.1×105cfug1 level and the density was higher in grass mulch and sward sites. In september, phosphomonoesterase activity was high at 239.6μgPNPgsoil1h1 in clean cultivated citrus orchards. Soil cellulase activity were higher at 602.6μgGEgsoil1\;24\;h^{-1}$ in grass sward cultivation than any other soil management practices. Soil microbial biomass C was higher in grass mulch cultivated orchards.

Characterization of Weed Occurrence in Apple Orchards (사과 과수원(果樹園)에서의 잡초발생(雜草發生) 특성(特性)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Woo, I.S.;Pyon, J.Y.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.164-168
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    • 1988
  • In order to get basic information for establishing weed control methods in apple orchards, weed distribution was surveyed at 2 locations in Chungnam Province at 15 days intervals. In apple orchard 48 weed species (18 families) were distributed and Chenopodium album and Polygonum hydropiper were dominated and Digitana sanguinalis, Portulaca oleracea, and Erigeron canadensis were also abundant among them. Highest number of weeds emerged in April and dry weight of weeds were heavy in June and October, especially in summer broadleaf weeds and winter broadleaf weeds, and winter grasses were abundant in spring. Seasonal Shannon's diversity index(H'), maximum diversity(H max'), eveness (J') for the Shannon diversity index, and Simpson index were high in apple orchards. Interspecific competition was more severe than intraspecific competition.

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Effects of Temperature on Development of Oligota kashmirica benefica(Coleoptera: Sthphylinidae) and Its Seasonal Fluctuation in Yuzu Orchards (O1igota kashmirica benefica (딱정벌레목: 반날개과) 발육에 미치는 온도의 영향과 유자과원에서의 발생소장)

  • 최덕수;김규진;박종대
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.199-204
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    • 2002
  • Population fluctuation of O. kashmirica benefica, a major natural enemy of citrus red mite (Panonychus citri), was surveyed from 1997 to 2000 in yuzu orchards in Goheung region and, developmental periods, developmental threshold temperature (DT) and effective cumulative temperature (ET) were estimated. Under four constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30\^C, developmental periods from egg to adult of the beetles were 67.3, 31.4, 19.4 and 15.3 days, respectively. The period of each stage was long in the order of pupa> egg > 3rd larva> 2nd larva> 1st larva. Mean numbers of eggs oviposited by a female per day were 3.3, 5.6, 7.3 and 7.7 under the temperatures, respectively. The highest hatchability (92%) and adult emergence (60%) were shown under 25\^C. Adult longevity was 54.3 days for females, and 58.6 days for males. In natural condition, the sex ratio of the beetle was 0.58. Developmental thresholds (DT) for egg, 1st, 2nd, 3rd larva, pupa, and egg to adult were 12.7, 10.0, 10.8, 7.9, 10.1 and 10.6\^C, respectively. The effective cumulative temperatures (ET) were 41.4, 22.9, 22.7, 46.6, 165.3, 292.9 day-degree at the same development stage, respectively. The beetle occurred from early April to early December in yuzu orchards. The population peak of the beetles was dependent on the amount of prey mite (Panonychus citri), and the ratio of the predator to prey mite was 1 to 100-200 at predator peak stage in the field.

Recent Occurrence Status of Two Major Fruit Moths, Oriental Fruit Moth and Peach Fruit Moth in Apple Orchards (사과 주산지 사과원에서 2종 심식나방류의 발생동향)

  • Choi, Kyung-Hee;Lee, Soon-Won;Lee, Dong-Hyuk;Kim, Dong-A;Kim, Soon-Kyung
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.17-22
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    • 2008
  • This survey was conducted from 1992 to 2005 in the major apple producing districts in southern part of South Korea including 48 cities, to know the occurrence and damage level of two major pests, Carposina sasakii and Grapholita molesta that attack apple fruit. The fruit damage by G. molesta during the harvest period ranged from 0.02 to 1.64%. A tendency of higher damage of G. molesta was observed after 1997 compared with the previous years. The other hand, the fruit damage by C. sasakii was 0.02 to 1.30%, and the damage level was very low with fruit damage of < 0.3% except 1998. The orchard infested with G. molesta was 13 to 71 %, while 12 to 57% with C. sasakii. The rates of orchards where fruit damage by G. molesta was found were higher than those by C. sasakii after 1997. The tendency of fruit damage rates in the orchard where the most fruit damage was found was same with the trend of orchard rates infested with the pests. The maximum damage rate by G. molesta was 20.0% in 2005, while 4.5% by C. sasakii in 1998. The damaged shoot rates by the first generation G. molesta was 0.18.1, and it had a positive correlation with the rates of fruit damage during the harvest period. Consequently, it is concluded that G. molesta is dominant species compared with C. sasakii in commercial apple orchards recently.

Flowering and Nut Fruit Characteristics after Soil Amendment Treatments in Chestnut (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) Orchards (토양 개량제 처리에 따른 밤나무의 개화 및 종실 형질 특성)

  • Kim, Choonsig;Cho, Hyun-Seo;Lim, Jong-Taek
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.101 no.4
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    • pp.567-573
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    • 2012
  • This study was carried out to examine the effect of soil amendment treatments [(organic fertilizer: 20 kg tree1; compound fertilizer+wood-char fertilizer: compound fertilizer 4 kg tree1+wood-char 2 kg tree1; lime fertilizer: 3 kg tree1; mixed fertilizer: compound fertilizer 1 kg tree1+organic fertilizer 10 kg tree1+wood-char 1 kg tree1; control (no fertilizer)] on flowering and fruit characteristics in chestnut (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) orchards in Jinju and Sancheong, Gyeongsangnam-do. Diameter of fruiting shoot increased generally after soil amendment treatments compared with the control, while number of leaf, female and male flowers were not affected by the treatments. Nut weight increased after soil amendment treatments in Jinju, but was not affected by the treatments in Sancheong. There was a positive correlation between soil pH (r=0.91) or exchangeable Ca2+ (r=0.99) and nut weight in Jinju and a positive correlation (r=0.97) between organic carbon content and soluble solid concentration, while a negative correlation (r=-0.92) between exchangeable Mg2+ and soluble solid concentration of nuts in Jinju. However, the nut weight and soluble solid concentration in Sancheong were not correlated with soil properties. The results indicate that the characteristics of flowering and nuts in chestnut orchards depend on soil properties after soil amendment treatments between regions which show better responses on poor sites than on good sites.

Dieback of Apple Tree by Major Soil Borne Diseases in Chungbuk Province from 2013 to 2015 (2013-2015년 충북에서 주요 토양병에 의한 사과나무 고사 실태)

  • Lee, Sung-Hee;Kwon, Yeuseok;Shin, Hyunman;Kim, Ik-Jei;Nam, Sang-Yeong;Hong, Eui Yon;Kwon, Soon-Il;Kim, Daeil;Cha, Jae-Soon
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.198-201
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    • 2016
  • Recently, severe dieback of apple tree has occurred in the apple orchards of Chungbuk province. Dieback rate and its casual agents have been investigated on the Chungbuk province apple orchards in 2013-2015. Out of 29,265 apple trees in the 27 orchards throughout Chungbuk province, 4,000 apple trees (13.7%) showed dieback symptoms. The causes of dieback were Phytophthora rot (50.4%), violet root rot by Helicobasidium sp. (27.1%), rodents (10%), white root rot by Rosellinia sp. (6.3%), and freezing injury (6.3%). Compared to previous reports published in 1995 and 2006, Phytophthora rot was the most dominant disease, which is thought to be due to high temperature during growing season and the increase of lowland cultivation. Results of this study will be useful to establish of the management strategy of apple tree dieback that has been increased recently.

Floristic features of orchards in South Korea (우리나라 과수원에 출현하는 식물상 특성)

  • Kim, Myung-Hyun;Nam, Hyung-Kyu;Eo, Jinu;Song, Young-Ju
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.447-466
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    • 2019
  • The orchard flora where perennial fruit trees are grown may be different than in arable fields where annual crops are grown. The study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of orchards in South Korea. The flora surveys were conducted in 36 areas in nine provinces at two times (May-June and August-September) in 2014. The results showed that the vascular orchard plants in South Korea included 466 taxa, which contained 91 families, 278 genera, 420 species, two subspecies, 39 varieties, four forms, and one hybrid. Among the 91 families, Compositae was the most diverse in species (66 taxa), followed by Gramineae (51 taxa), Leguminosae (28 taxa), Cyperaceae (18 taxa), Polygonaceae (17 taxa), Cruciferae (16 taxa), and Labiatae (14 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. (100%) was the highest, followed by Acalypha australis L. (94.4%), Commelina communis L. (94.4%), Persicaria longiseta(Bruijn) Kitag.(91.7), Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) L. W. Medicus(91.7%), Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (91.7%), Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis (86.1%), Artemisia princeps Pamp. (86.1%), Cyperus microiria Steud. (86.1%), Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. (83.3%), Stellaria media(L.) Vill.(83.3%), and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.(83.3%). The biological type of orchards in South Korea was determined to be Th-5-D4-e type. Rare plants were found six taxa: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl, Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim., Ardisia crenata Sims, Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC., and Aster koraiensis Nakai. Eighty-five taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 23 families, 58 genera, 80 species, four varieties, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 26.3% and 18.2%, respectively.

Seasonal Occurrence Trends of Hemipteran Bug Pests Monitored by Mercury Light and Aggregation Pheromone Traps in Sweet Persimmon Orchards (수은유아등과 집합페로몬 트랩에 의한 단감원 노린재류의 발생소장)

  • 이규철;강창헌;이동운;이상명;박정규;추호렬
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.233-238
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    • 2002
  • The seasonal occurrence trends of the brown-winged green bug, Plautia stali, and the brown malmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, were monitored in sweet persimmon orchards in southern region of Korea using light traps (in 2000 and 2001), and aggregation pheromone traps (methyl (E, E, Z)-2 ,4, 6-decatrienoate)) of P. stali (in 2001). Light trap data showed that H. halys started to occur from the end of June, and reached its peak in early or mid August, while P. stali was mostly attracted to the traps from mid July to late August without any distinct attraction peak. Both species did not occur after September in the persimmon orchards studied. The attraction patterns of both species to aggregation pheromone traps were different from those observed in light traps. Both species were attracted to the pheromone traps from mid May to late August. The peak occurrence of H. halys could not be detected due to low catches. However, the period of peak attraction for P. stali was from late June to late August depending on the geographical locations. The aggregation pheromone traps of P. stali attracted more number of P stali than H. hails, but the light traps showed a reverse pattern. In both species, more females were attracted to the aggregation pheromone traps than males. The difference of attraction patterns between 2 types of traps was discussed in relation to content of soluble tannin in persimmon fruits.