• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of a newly devised toothbrush with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on Porphyromonas gingivalis attached to sandblasted and acid-etched titanium surfaces. Methods: The study included a control group, a commercial photodynamic therapy (PDT) group, and 3 test groups (B, BL, and BLE). The disks in the PDT group were placed in methylene blue and then irradiated with a diode laser. The B disks were only brushed, the BL disks were brushed with an LED toothbrush, and the BLE disks were placed into erythrosine and then brushed with an LED toothbrush. After the different treatments, bacteria were detached from the disks and spread on selective agar. The number of viable bacteria and percentage of bacterial reduction were determined from colony counts. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to visualize bacterial alterations. Results: The number of viable bacteria in the BLE group was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy showed that bacterial cell walls were intact in the control and B groups, but changed after commercial PDT and LED exposure. Conclusions: The findings suggest that an LED toothbrush with erythrosine treatment was more effective than a commercial PDT kit in reducing the number of P. gingivalis cells attached to surface-modified titanium in vitro.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2010

The DNA probes Pn17 and Pn34 were evaluated for their ability to specifically detect clinical strains of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens from a Korean population by dot blot hybridization. These probes were sequenced by extension termination and their specificity was determined by Southern blot analysis. The results revealed that the Pn17 sequence (2,517 bp) partially encodes an RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB) and that Pn34 (1,918 bp) partially encodes both rpoB (1-169 nts) and the RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB'; 695-1918 nts). These probes hybridized with both HindIII- and PstI-digested genomic DNAs from the strains of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens used in this study. Interestingly, each of the hybrid bands generated from the HindIII-digested genomic DNAs of the two bacterial species could be used to distinguish between them via restriction fragment length polymorphism. These results thus indicate that Pn17 and Pn34 can simultaneously detect P. intermedia and P. nigrescens.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.364-366
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• 2004

본 연구는 차 카테킨인 EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate)에 의한 구강세균의 살균효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 초기 세포밀도 $10^{7}$ cell/ml의 대상 세균에 대한 항세균 활성은 EGCG 1ml당 5mg에서 조사하였다. 선택 또는 복합배지상에서 집락생성단위(colony-forming unit, CFU)에 근거하여 EGCG의 항세균 활성은 농도에 비례하는 것을 확인하였다. Streptococcus mutans와 Streptococcus sobrinus는 5mg/ml의 EGCG에서 8시간 이내에 완전히 살균되었다. Lactobacillus acidophilus와 Lactobacillus plantarum도 동일한 조건에서 각각 2시간과 4시간 이내에 살균되었다. 2.5 mg/ml의 EGCG로 처리한 사람의 타액에서 유래하는 총 구강세균의 생존율을 BHI 고체배지상에서 조사하였으며, 총 구강세균은 10시간 이내에 완전히 살균되었다. MS 고체배지상에서 S. mitis and S. salivarius의 집락은 감소되었으며 배양 12시간 이내에서는 집락은 관찰되지 않았다. 그 결과, EGCG는 입냄새와 치석의 원인이 되는 구강세균을 살균시키고 충치를 예방하는 자연적이며 효과적인 물질임이 입증되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.198-207
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• 2023

Objectives: This study investigated causative strains and their antibiotic sensitivity in patients who were hospitalized for maxillofacial odontogenic infections at a tertiary center in South Korea over the past 10 years with the aim of providing guidelines for the selection of appropriate empirical antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Patients with head and neck fascial space abscesses due to odontogenic infections who underwent incision and drainage surgery with pus culture tests between 2013 and 2022 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dankook University Hospital were included. The bacterial isolates and antibiotic sensitivity of each strain were analyzed for 2013-2022, 2013-2017, and 2018-2022. The affected fascial spaces were classified into primary, secondary, and deep neck spaces. Results: In the 192 patients included in this study, 302 strains were detected. Viridans streptococcus had the highest frequency (51.7%), followed by Prevotella spp. (16.9%), Staphylococcus spp. (5.6%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.6%). The identification rate of viridans streptococcus significantly increased from 41.8% in 2013-2017 to 60.9% in 2018-2022. Viridans streptococcus showed an antibiotic sensitivity of 80.5% to ampicillin; the sensitivity to penicillin antibiotics decreased over the study period. Antibiotic susceptibility was approximately 94% for third-generation cephalosporins. K. pneumoniae, which was identified at a high percentage in patients with deep neck space infection, showed increasing antibiotic resistance to most antibiotics over the study period. Conclusion: Viridans streptococcus was identified in head and neck fascial space abscesses with the highest frequency. Empirical antibiotics should be effective against this strain; penicillin antibiotics are considered inappropriate. For effective treatment of deep neck space abscesses, bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests performed as soon as possible are essential.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.34-43
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• 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of royal jelly (RJ), a powerful natural antioxidant, on cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Oral treatment was administered to all rats for 16 days after a single intraperitoneal injection. The control group received intraperitoneal and oral saline; the RJ group received intraperitoneal saline and 100 mg/kg/day oral RJ; the cyclophosphamide group received intraperitoneal 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and oral saline; and the treatment group received intraperitoneal 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and 100 mg/kg/day oral RJ. The groups were compared in terms of ovarian reserve tests and histopathological changes in the ovary and uterus. Results: All follicle counts were higher in the treatment group than in the cyclophosphamide group. The increase in the number of preantral follicles (p=0.001) and the decrease in the number of atretic follicles (p=0.004) were statistically significant. RJ treatment significantly improved follicular degeneration and cortical fibrosis in the ovary and epithelial and gland degeneration in the uterus due to cyclophosphamide toxicity. Conclusion: According to these results, RJ reduces cyclophosphamide-related ovarian and endometrial damage in rats. For this reason, it should be further investigated to determine its effects on reproductive function.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.386-391
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• 2010

Introduction: Bone resorption is a unique function of osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are a specialized macrophage polykaryon whose differentiation is regulated principally by macrophage colony-stimulating factors, receptor activator of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANK) ligand, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and interleukins (IL). Reflecting the integrin-mediated signals, osteoclasts develop a specialized cytoskeleton that allows it to establish an isolated micro-environment between itself and the bone, wherein matrix degradation occurs by a process involving proton transport. The levels of IL-1, IL-6, OPG, and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) expression were evaluated to study the correlations between dental implant teeth and the adjacent teeth. Materials and Methods: The exudate of the gingival crevice acquired from dental implants, adjacent teeth, opposite teeth and contralateral teeth of 24 patients. Results: 1. The levels of IL-1, IL-6, OPG and $PGE_2$ expression in dental implant teeth were higher than those of the contralateral teeth. 2. IL-1 revealed a higher expression level in the adjacent teeth than in dental implant teeth. 3. The dental implant teeth and adjacent teeth did not show a remarkable difference in the level of IL-1 expression. 4. All the other cytokines were strongly expressed in the dental implant compared to the adjacent teeth. Conclusion: These results suggest that there might be close correlation between dental implant teeth and adjacent teeth in terms of the expressions of cytokines that affect the development and regulation of osteoclasts.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.289-292
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• 2008

Irisodium phosphate 12 hydrate와 citric acid monohydrate의 혼합액은 유리구슬(${\phi}7mm$)에 부착된 Streptococcus mutans (KCTC 3065)와 Streptococcus mitis (KCTC 3556) 및 Streptococcus salivarius (KCTC 3960)에 대하여 강한 항 부각효과를 보였다. 각 사슬알균 종들은 각각 3개의 유리구슬들이 들어있는 BHI 액체배지에서 18시간 흔들 배양되었다. 배양 후, 3개의 짧은 핀들이 부착된 핀셋을 사용하여 유리구슬들을 꺼낸 다음, 유리구슬에 맺힌 균액을 제거하기 위하여 생리식염수로 가볍게 세척하였다. 각 균주당 3개의 유리구슬들을 시약들이 들어있는 시험관에 넣고 vortex mixer로 10분씩 와동(渦動)하였다. 칫솔질과 유사한 효과를 얻기 위해 각 시험관들에 물에 젖지 않는 기름종이 조각들을 40 mg씩 넣었다. 구강 내 사슬알균 종이 아닌 Streptococcus agalactiae는 5분간 와동(渦動)하였다. 각 시험관에서 취한 샘플들을 10배 계단 희석하여 BBH 한천 배지와 혼합하고 배양한 다음, 집락수를 계수하였다. 사슬알균 종 당실험을 3번 반복하였고, 시약에 의해 탈부착된 균수를 평균하여 생리식염수대조군의 평균으로 나누어 그 배수를 탈부착 효과로 계산하였다. treptococcus mutans에 대하여 구연산-제3인산나트륨-식염수혼합액(이하 CTS, pH 6.0)의 탈부착 효과는 생리식염수 대조군에 비해서 평균 12.5배였으며, 제3인산나트륨-식염수 혼합액(이하 TS, pH 8.4)은 평균 7.5배였고, 구연산-식염수 혼합액(이하 CS, pH 4.6)은 6.0배였다. Streptococcus salivarius에 대해서 CTS는 7.2배, TS는 2.6배, CS는 2.8배였다. Streptococcus mitis에 대해서 CTS는 2.4배였고, TS는 3.4배였으나 CS는 0.3배로 탈부착 효과가 없었다. 구강 내 사슬알균 종이 아닌 Streptococcus agalactiae에 대해서 CTS는 0.7배, TS는 0.6배, CS는 0.6배로 3가지 시약에 대하여 탈부착 효과가 전혀 없었다. 이러한 결과들은 충치와 아급성 심내막염의 원인균인 구강 내 Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius 및 Streptococcus mitis가 CTS 혼합물에 의해서 구강으로부터 쉽게 제거될 수 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 응용하면 새로운 개념의 치약을 개발할 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 충치의 예방 및 발치 후 아급성 심내막염의 예방에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.420-429
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• 2000

Oral & maxillofacial infections are most commonly odontogenic in origin. Although such infections are usually self-limiting, they may occasionally spread deeply into fascial spaces or planes far from the initial site of involvement. If early diagnosis and appropriate therapy is delayed, complications such as mediastinal extension, retropharyngeal spread and airway obstruction could happen to the patients. For the study of the microbiology, we have retrospectively analysed the oral & maxillofacial infected patients in the Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. In-Ha University Hospital from 1997 September to 2000 April. The results were as follows 1. The male patients were more common than female, with male 61.9% and female 38.1%. 2. Dental originated infections were most common cause with the incidence of 62%. 3. Most common fascial space involved was buccal space 42cases(37.2%) followed by submandibular space 13cases(11.5%), infraorbital space 13cases(11.5%), masseteric space 11cases(9.7%), periapical abscess 11cases(9.7%). 4. The causative organisms isolated from the pus culture were Gram Positive Bacterial species, which were 46cases(31.9%) of Streptococcus viridans, 16cases(8.6%) of ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}-hemolytic$ streptococcus, 4cases(3.1%) of Strep.-group D non enterococci, 7cases(5.1%) of Staphylococcus Coa. neg., 5cases(3.9%) of Staphylococcus aureus, 3cases(2.3%) of Enterococcus faecalis, 1case(0.8%) of Bacillus species, 1case(0.8%) of Peptostreptococcus, 1case(0.8%) of Clostridium and Gram negative bacterial species, which were 4cases(3.1%) of Acinetobacter baumannii, 2cases(1.6%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2cases(1.6%) of Burkholderia cepacia, 1case(0.8%) of Neisseria species, 1case(0.8%) of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1case(0.8%) of Klebsiella oxytoca, 1case(0.8%) of Escherichia coli. 5. In drug sensitivity test, high resistant tendency was found in Penicillin system(Penicillin G 83.3%, Ampicillin 60%) and Aminoglycosides (Gentamycin 50%, Tobramycin 45.5%), but tertiary Cephalosporin system(Cefoperazone 9.1%, Ceftazidime 18.2%), and glycopeptides system (Teicoplanin 0%, Vancomycin 0%) showed lower resistancy.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.739-746
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• 2017

As alternatives to antibiotics in livestocks, probiotics have been used, although most of them in the form of liquid or semisolid formulations, which show low cell viability after oral administration. Therefore, suitable dry dosage forms should be developed for livestocks to protect probiotics against the low pH in the stomach such that the products have higher probiotics survivability. Here, in order to develop a dry dosage forms of probiotics for poultry, we used hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate 55 (HPMCP 55) as a tablet-forming matrix to develop probiotics in a tablet form for poultry. Here, we made three different kinds of probiotics-loaded tablet under different compression forces and investigated their characteristics based on their survivability, morphology, disintegration time, and kinetics in simulated gastrointestinal fluid. The results indicated that the probiotics formulated in the tablets displayed higher survival rates in acidic gastric conditions than probiotics in solution. Rapid release of the probiotics from the tablets occurred in simulated intestinal fluid because of fast swelling of the tablets in neutral pH. As a matrix of tablet, HPMCP 55 provided good viability of probiotics after 6 months under refrigeration. Moreover, after oral administration of probiotics-loaded tablets to chicken, more viable probiotics were observed, than with solution type, through several digestive areas of chicken by the tablets.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2009

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major etiologic agent of chronic periodontitis and cytokines produced by macrophages play important roles in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. In this study we investigated the cytokine response of phorbol myristate acetatedifferentiated THP-1 cells exposed to P. gingivalis. Compared with the prominent cell wall components of P. gingivalis (lipopolysaccharide and the major fimbrial protein FimA), live P. gingivalis stimulated much higher levels of cytokine production. In addition, whereas low multiplicity of infection challenges (MOI=10) of P. gingivalis 381 stimulated high levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1${\beta}$, high dose challenges with this bacterium (MOI = 100) resulted in a substantially diminished production of MCP-1 and IL-6. Moreover, high MOI P. gingivalis challenges achieved only low levels of induction of MCP-1 and IL-6 mRNA. The decreased production of MCP-1 and IL-6 appeared to be mediated by P. gingivalis proteases, because high MOI challenges with congenic protease mutant strains of this microorganism (MT10 and MT10W) did not result in a diminished production of MCP-1 and IL-6. Similar to its protease mutant strains, leupeptin (a protease inhibitor)- treated P. gingivalis at high doses induced high levels of MCP-1 production. To examine the mechanisms underlying the diminished production of MCP-1 by P. gingivalis proteases, the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and NF-${\kappa}$B was compared between the 381 and MT10W strains. Whilst high doses of both 381 and MT10W similarly activated the three members of the MAP kinase family, the DNA binding activity of NF-${\kappa}$B, as revealed by gel shift assays, was greatly increased only by MT10W. Taken together, our data indicate that P. gingivalis stimulates the production of high levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, and MCP-1 but that high dose challenges with this bacterium result in a diminished production of MCP-1 and IL-6 via the protease-mediated suppression of NF-${\kappa}$B activation in THP-1 macrophagic cells.