• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2011

This study was conducted to test the efficacy of plum (Prunus mume) and red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A Meyer) marc as stress inhibitors under heat stress and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in broilers by investigating their effects on blood biochemical parameters, immunoglobulin concentration and splenic cytokine mRNA expressions. A total of one hundred ninety-two 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 2 stress conditions (heat and LPS) experiments. Each experiment was divided into 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates of 3 birds in each group. NC (negative control, no immune substances), PC (positive control, 25 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan), PM (1% plum marc) and RGM (3% red ginseng marc) treatments were administered with respective substance through water supplementation. During heat stress, The Ca/Mg ratio in PM and RGM was significantly decreased in comparison with that of NC (P<0.05). The immunoglobulin M was significantly lower in PM than in NC (P<0.05). Expression patterns of splenic cytokine mRNAs (IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6) were similar over the treatment. Expression rates of IL-1 and IL-2 in PM were significantly decreased in comparison with NC. Also, expression rates of IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6 were significantly lower in RGM than in NC (P<0.05). In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of plum and red ginseng marc improved coping ability to heat stress by preventing Ca/Mg ratio increment and by inhibiting inflammatory response in broiler chicks. However, it is necessary to determine optimal dietary level of red ginseng marc for improving growth performances in broiler chickens. These results suggest the possibility that plum and red ginseng marc could be used as the stress inhibitor under heat stress and inflammatory response in broiler chicks.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the optimal media for 'Pechika' ever-bearing strawberry grown in hydroponic culture system in summer highland. Three mixed media (1:1, v/v) of peatmoss with perlite, rice hull, and granular rockwool, and four solution strengths of EC 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and $1.25 dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ were tested. Root zone temperature in peatmoss+perlite media was 1 to $3^{\circ}C$ lower than in the other media. The culture medium of mixing to peat moss and perlite was most effective in producing good yield and fruit quality. The culture medium of mixing to peat moss and perlite was the highest about 1,632kg/10a to yield yearly average, but was very undulating 732 kg/10a to yield in 2004 year and 3,013kg/10a in 2003 year. The deformed fruits were increased when the solution strength was increased, especially in EC $1.25dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The soluble solids and the acidity content of fruits were increased with higher solution strength regardless of media. The uptake of Ca and Mg was inhibited at higher solution strength, and the uptake of N, P and K was promoted. Therefore, the culture medium of mixing to peat moss and perlite was the most suitable culture medium to product strawberry in summer, because it had the highest yield even though fruit quality among treatments was not significant.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 2002

Purpose : The aim of this study is to find out the distribution of illness, patterns of medical care utilization and factors determining medical care utilization in elementary school children. Methods : We performed the questionnaires in Gwangju city on 2,036 children of two elementary schools from June 1 to June 30, 1998. Results : The prevalence rate of illness was 32.3%. The distribution of illness was respiratory disease(64.7%), gastrointestinal disease(12.8%), injury & poisoning. The rate of persons having received medical treatment when they were sick, was 89.8%. The selection distribution among various medical facilities was pediatric hospital(46.7%), otolaryngologic hospital(19.8%), pharmacy (13.2%) and internal medicine in the decreasing frequency sequence. The major factors influencing the selection of medical facility were geographic accessibility and good results. The most common reason for the first visit to the pediatric hospital was geographic accessibility. The most common reason for a visit and to otolaryngologic hospital was a good result. The most frequently utilized medical facility for respiratory symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms was pediatric hospital. The persons influencing the selection of medical facility in the children were mother(73.3%), father( 10.8%), doctor and others in decreasing sequence. The persons answering the questionaire thought that the optimal age of pediatric care was from 0 to 12 years(47.8%), to 10 years(22.4%) and to 15 years(18.5%) in decreasing rate. Conclusion : Other departments instead of pediatrics have treated children. Children have particular growth and development process, which is different to those of adults. So, it is necessary to choose special medical care and adequate medical facilities for children.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 1993.12a
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• pp.6-9
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• 1993

According to changes in population, economic conditions, life-stile and eating habits, the frui ts and vegetables market wi 11 be shi fted from processed (i. e. , canned) to fresh. Undressed fresh produce, consisting of washed, disinfected and peeled fruits and vegetables that either sliced or grated, are currently increased in demand by retail and institutional market which use them as salad components or in ready-to use foods, Main attributes of minimally processed fruits and vegetables are convenience and fresh-like quality. Minimally processed Products readily deteriorate in quality, especially color and texture, as a result of endogeneous enzyme enhanced respiration and microorganisms which lead to reduced shelf Iife. According to changes in population, economic conditions, life-stile and eating habits, the frui ts and vegetables market wi 11 be shi fted from processed (i. e. , canned) to fresh. Undressed fresh produce, consisting of washed, disinfected and peeled fruits and vegetables that either sliced or grated, are currently increased in demand by retail and institutional market which use them as salad components or in ready-to use foods, Main attributes of minimally processed fruits and vegetables are convenience and fresh-like quality. Minimally processed Products readily deteriorate in quality, especially color and texture, as a result of endogeneous enzyme enhanced respiration and microorganisms which lead to reduced shelf Iife. Thus. to prevent these undesirable changes , val'ious techniques such as controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, modified atmosphere OIA) storage, including vacuum packaging have been receiving considerable attention, Although milch research has been done to find optimal conditions for whole intact frui ts and vegetables, only limi ted information is avai lable on fresh cut. and other minimally processed products. 81 iced frui ts exhibi t increas~d ethylene production and respiration compal'ed to whole f, 'uits during distribution in response to tissue damage. As a result, accelerated senescence and enzymatic browning OCCUI', Recent l'esearch on minimally processed fl'uits and vegetables has mainly focused on methods to inhibit browning, due to ban on use of sulfur dioxide, In order to retard or prevent these physiological changes, val'ious al ternatives, reducing agents. acidulants, chelating agents and inol'ganic sal ts have been evaluated for use on fresh cut fl'ui ts. Al though some agents were effective replacement for sulfur dioxide. consum$\textregistered$I'S demandless use of chemical on such products. Shel~ life of minimally processed products has been extended by inhibition of metabolic reactions associated with loss of quality and by inhibition of aerobic spoilage caused by wide variety of microorganisms. Appl ication of ~I.-\ packaging, including vacuum packaging, retards the rate of respiration, prevents growth of aerobic spoilage organisms, inhibits oxidation and color deterioration. Tissue softening is another major problem in minimally processed products because enzymes re 1 a ted to ce 11 wa 11 degrada t i on are not inactivated. Various treatments have been investigated for retardation of the softening of sliced products. Some studies have concentrated on the application of an active packaging system with ~I, l. packaging and calcium infi 1 tration as possible measures to retain firmness of processed products. In my opinion, one important step for production of minimally processed frui ts wi th favorabl e color of cut surface and firm texture is the selection of better cultivar. As the view, changing tendency of fresh color by apple cultivars and relationship between the tendency and PPO activity will be discussed in the seminar. In addition to the topic, research result on quality enhancement of fresh apple slices by heat shock treatment will be introduced.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.750-756
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• 2008

Supernumerary teeth are frequently found in the anterior portion of the maxilla and develop as a result of abnormal proliferation of the dental lamina during tooth germ formation, caused by genetic or environmental factors. They may result in various complications, such as eruption interference, displacement, rotation of adjacent teeth, diastema, eruption into the nasal cavity, and development of dentigerous cyst. The optimal time for surgical extraction of supernumerary teeth has been a controversial issue. Someone prefer early surgical extraction because supernumerary teeth can cause eruption interference and displacement of adjacent teeth, eventually altering occlusion. Others prefer to delay surgical extraction until $8{\sim}10$ years of age in consideration of root maturation of the adjacent teeth and also patient's behavior. When surgical extraction of supernumerary teeth is postponed, there is possibility that impacted supernumerary teeth in the inverted or horizontal position move toward the nasal cavity, hard palate, or premolar area. When such intraosseous tooth migration is combined with the vertical growth of the maxilla, surgical approach becomes even harder. Therefore, possibility of intraosseous tooth migration should be considered as an important factor when deciding appropriate time for surgical extraction. We are presenting cases of mesiodens which showed intraosseous migration during $6{\sim}7$ years of follow-up period since the first diagnosis had been made at the $2{\sim}3$ years of age.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.899-906
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• 1996

The physicochemical and microbiological studies were conducted to examine the effect of pineneedle(Pinu densinora Seib. et Zucc) sap on the Kimchi fermentation. Kimchi with the addition of various levels(0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5%) of pine needle sap was fermented either at $4^{\circ}C$ for 15 days after placing at room temperature for 24 hours(Group A) or at $15^{\circ}C$ for 15 days(Group B). pH reached the optimal value of Kimchi fermentation(pH 4.2) on day 3 and day 4~7 in 0% treatment and pine needle sap treatments, respectively, which indicated that shelf-life of Kimchi was extended by 1~4 days by the addition of pine needle sap. Total acidity was decreased by the addition of pine needle sap. More rapid decrease in pH and increase in total acidity were observed in Group B than in Group A. Reducing sugar content was reduced to approximately 80% by day 4~5 in all treatments. Total vitamin C content was reached peak on day 1 of fermentation and then decreased in all treatments. Reducing sugar and total vitamin C contents were slightly increased by the addition of pine needle sap due to the components present in pine needle sap. Total viable cell number rapidly increased to reach Peak on day 3 and then slowly decreased during the fermentation. However, total viable cell number as well as reducing sugar and total vitamin C contents did not differ between Group A and Group B. In Group A, Lactobacillus cell number in 0% treatment continued to increase to reach peak on day 9, while the numbers in pine needle sap treatments reached Peak on day 5~9 and then gradually decreased throughout the fermentation. Unlike in Group A, Lactobaillus cell numbers in pine needle sap treatments in Group B continued to increase to reach Peak on day 7. As pine needle sap levels increased, total viable cell number and Lactobacillus cell number decreased regardless of fermentation temperatures. The results of this study indicate that pine needle sap causes to delay the Kimchi fermentation by slowing down pH drop and inhibiting the Lactobacillus cell growth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.2 s.67
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• pp.237-253
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• 1998

Surgical-orthodontic treatment is performed for the skeletal Class III patients with no remaining growth and too big a skeletal discrepancy (or camouflage treatment, and two jaw surgery is needed in order to have maximum effect in such patients. In two jaw surgery cases, surgical alteration of the occlusal plane is necessary to establish optimal function, esthetics and postoperative sability, therefore the establishment of the occlusal plane is essential in diagnosis and treatment. The object of this study is to evaluate the stability of the indiviual ideal occlusal plane bsaed on the architectural and structural craniofacial analysis of Delaires. Thus, the subjects of this study were 48 patients who underwent two jaw surgery, and divided in two groups. Each group were composed of 24patients, A group were operated with ideal occlusal plane and B group were not. Two groups were compared at the preoperative, immediate postoperative (average 4.3days), and long-term postoperative (average 1.3years) lateral cephalometric radiographs. The following results were obtained: 1. There was no significance in occlusal plane angulation between $T_2\;and\;T_3$. Average long term follow-up changes of occlusal Plane angle were $0.24^{\circ}{\pm}2.43$, with FH plane and $0.15{\circ}{\pm}2.16{\circ}$ with SN plane in all 48 patients. These results demonstrated that the occlusal plane after two jaw surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion was stable. 2. There was no significance in postoperative stability of occlusal plane between A and B group. 3. There was no significance in postoperative stability of occlusal plane depending on surgeon and operative method within each group. 4. The postoperative changes of occlusal plane were correlated to the postoperative changes of jaw rather than tooth position. 5. There was no correlation between the postoperative changes of occlusal plane and maxillary impaction and mandibular setback with surgery.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2016

Fertilization is required to keep the balance of tissue nutrients and to produce high quality seedlings at the permanent nursery. This study was conducted to verify the optimum fertilization method for Fraxinus rhynchophylla, F. mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Abies holophylla seedlings with vector diagnosis method. Seven treatments include nitrogen (N, $13.8g{\cdot}m^{-2}$), phosphorus (P, $6.1g{\cdot}m^{-2}$), potassium ($7.5g{\cdot}m^{-2}$) fertilization and 1x (N $6.9g{\cdot}m^{-2}$, P $3.05g{\cdot}m^{-2}$, K $3.65g{\cdot}m^{-2}$), 2x (twice of 1x), 4x (four times of 1x) fertilization and no fertilization. Soil pH decreased as fertilization increased. Nitrogen and NPK fertilization decreased exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ concentrations. Height and root collar diameter of F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica significantly increased with N and NPK fertilization, but those of P. koraiensis and A. holophylla did not. The biomass of F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica was about twice higher at NPK fertilization compared to the control. The responses of vector diagnosis were different by tree species and fertilization treatment: F. rhynchophylla was in the status of N "dilution", which means the N concentration decreases with N content. Phosphorus and K were "sufficiency" state with 4x fertilization. F. mandshurica showed "retranslocation" as N content decreased without change of dry weight at N, P, K fertilization, but "dilution" state at NPK fertilization. This result suggested that optimal fertilization was required for F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica in seedling production stage, but was not essential for P. koraiensis and A. holophylla.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1402-1408
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• 2010

The effects of rice hull (RH) powder on the anticarcinogenic activity of submerged-liquid cultures of Agaricus blazei Murill (AB) were assessed for mouse ascites cancers induced by mouse Sarcoma S-180 (S-180) cancer cells. Optimal growth of AB mycelia in the basal liquid culture medium, containing soybean meal, was achieved by culturing at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days, when evaluated by $\beta$-glucan content, Brix, and mycelial weight, relative to other culture conditions. Hot-water extract (HWE) of the submergedliquid culture of AB mycelia grown at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days exhibited a stronger anticarcinogenic activity, relative to HWE from other culture conditions. No such effects were obtained from AB mycelial cultures by alternative temperature-controlling cultures. Both cytotoxicity for S-180 cells and anticarcinogenic potentials for mouse ascites cancer of the HWE from AB mycelia grown in the basal medium containing 1% RH powder for 5 days at $25^{\circ}C$ were significantly (p<0.05) enhanced, relative to HWE from the AB mycelia culture of the basal medium without RH powder. These results indicate that HWE of submerged-liquid culture of AB mycelia, incubated in media containing 1% RH powder at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days, enhanced anticarcinogenic activity against S-180 cell-induced mouse ascites cancer, and suggest that RH powder is an excellent ingredient for the improvement of the anticarcinogenic potentials of the submerged-liquid culture of mushroom mycelia.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.314-318
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigated the avaiability of dried Koojongsi persimmon peels (KPP) as a useful mushroom medium using Pleurotus eryngii ASI 2312. Mushroom cultivation medium used in this study was mixed with medium mixture, corn cob and sawdust (220:65:15, v/v). Dried KPP was replaced mushroom cultivation medium (control) with 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50% dried KPP. The T-N content of dried KPP treatments decreased to increase replaced ratio of the dried KPP and C/N ratio was increased to increase replaced ratio of the dried KPP. But T-C content of dried KPP treatments was similar to untreated control. The average cultivating periods of mycelium on dried KPP treatments was delayed to increase replaced ratio of the dried KPP and cultivating periods was delayed over 30% dried KPP treatments. The length of stipe of dried KPP treatments was longer than that of the untreated control to increase replaced ratio of the dried KPP and thickness of stipes was tend to be thinner than that of the untreated control to increase replaced ratio of the dried KPP. The moisture, carbohydrate, crude protein and crude ash content of mycelial were similar to untreated control, but crude fatty acid was increased to increase replaced ratio of the dried KPP. The ${\beta}-glucan$ content of 10% and 15% treatments were higher than untreatment control. The results based on cultivation yield and ${\beta}-glucan$ content indicated that optimal mixture ratio dried KPP was 15%.