• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2013

The present study measured the light transmission to quantify the smoke density(smoke mass concentration) through the doorway in a compartment fire and performed the uncertainty analysis to evaluate the reliability of the measurement technique. The optical light extinction method based on Bourguer's law was applied to estimate the smoke density of doorway exhausting smoke flow in upper layer of a compartment for methane gas fires. The measurement uncertainty of the light extinction measurement was evaluated for the light transmittance, path length, and specific mass extinction coefficient and the expanded uncertainty was estimated about 20% with confidence level of 95%. The mean smoke density through the doorway for the methane fire was calculated for quasi-steady fire and the smoke density linearly increased as the GER increased.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

A low-cost device using the light-extinction method was developed to measure the optical smoke density in various fire experiments in the present study. The relative measurement accuracy of low-cost device was evaluated through the comparison of optical density measured by a high-cost standard device consisting of He-Ne laser, photo detector and various optical components. The low-cost device was composed of laser module, photocell and acrylic board. From the experiments using a smoke generator can be easily adjusted the smoke concentration, it was found that the low-cost device could measure the smoke density within the range of ${\pm}10%$, compared to the standard device. In addition, the reliability of low-cost device was also confirmed in the experiment using a polyethylene flame. Finally, it is expected that the low-cost device developed with real-time measurement and simple installation for measuring the smoke density will be used instead of the high-cost standard device.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.450-455
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• 2008

We have carried out the test using the cone calorimeter and the smoke density chamber to evaluate the characteristics of the combustion for the car interior materials passed horizontal burning test. We have analysed many parameters related to fire hazard. These parameters are the ignition time, the heat release rate, the maximum average rate of heat emission, the flashover propensity and specific optical density. There was a significant difference in HRR and optical smoke density. The HRR was $185{\sim}446kW/m^2$ and optical smoke density was $119{\sim}1207$. Only horizontal burning test was performed to evaluate the fire hazard for the car interior materials.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.119-124
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• 2011

In this study, we measured the smoke density characteristics to find the fire risk of Wood-Plastic composites (WPCs) which are one of spotlighting materials for landscape architecture and residential construction material with the cone calorimeter tester (by ISO 5660-2) and the smoke density tester (by ASTM E 662). In addition, the identical test was implemented to compare the smoke density characteristics between the red pine and the antiseptic wood. The result of cone calorimeter test showed that emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and total smoke production rate of WPCs were higher than those of red pine and antiseptic wood. And the result of smoke density test showed that maximum specific optical smoke density(Dm) of WPCs was higher than that of red pine and antiseptic wood as well.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.1734-1737
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• 1997

The conventional fire detection devices are operated after a processed fire phase, which are sensing only a high density of somke level or high temperature heat. They are not so precision to detect a fire in the early phase to protect the facility form the fire. We need to develope a new high precision smoke detection system to keep expensive industrial facilities most reliably form fire. A new optical precision smoke detection system was developed. It monitors very low level density of smoke particles in the air. It is operated continously through many years without a stop or any malfunction. The developed precision smoke detection system will be installed in important industrial facilities, such as power plants, underground common tunnel, main control rooms, computer rooms etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.128-132
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• 1997

The conventional fire detection devices are operated after a processed fire phase, which are sensing only a high density of smoke level or high temperature heat. They are not so precision to detect a fire in the early phase to protect the facility from the fire. We need to develope a new high precision smoke detection system to keep expensive industial facilities most reliably from fire. A new optical precision smoke detection system was developed. It monitors very low level density of smoke psrticles in the air. It is operated continuously through many years without a stop or any malfunction. The developed precision smoke detection system will be installed in important industrial facilities,such as power plants, underground common tunnel,main control rooms,computer rooms etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.251-254
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• 2001

In this paper, we analyzed the properties change of electric wire when the thermal stress was applied to NFR-8 and FR-PVC 600[V] wire. Messurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke accumulating with in a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. Referenced documents were ASTM E662 standard test method for specific Ds genalated by solid materials. The furnace control system shall maintain the required irradiance level under steady-state condition with the chamber door closed of $2.5{\pm}0.04[w/cm^{2}]$ for 20 min. According to the results of the smoke density analysis of NFR-8 and FR-PVC the highest decomposition flaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 25.2 to 37.5 and 51.1 respectively. Nonflaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 100.4 to 112.2 and 126.5 to 398.8. The amount of carbon monoxide generated was found to be much higher in FR-PVC decomposition than in NFR-8 due to incomplete combustion of FR-PVC which has high content of carbon in compound.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.251-254
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• 2001

In this paper, we analysed the properties change of electric wire when the thermal stress was applied to NFR-8 and FR-PVC [600] wire. Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke accumulating with in a closed chamber due to nonflamining pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion. Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. Referenced documents were ASTM E662 standard test method for specific Ds generated by solid materials. The furnace control system shall maintain the required irradiance level under steady-state condition with the chamber door closed of 2.5${\pm}$0.04[w/$\textrm{cm}^2$] for 20 min. According to the results of the smoke density analysis of NFR-8 and FR-PVC the highest decomposition flaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 7.2 to 77.5 and 51.1 respectively. Nonflaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 100.4 to 112.2 and 126.5 to 398.8. The amount of carbon monoxide generated was found to be much higher in FR-PVC decomposition than in NFR-8 due to incomp1ete combustion of FR-PVC which has high content of carbon in compound.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.15-20
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• 2018

In this study, we have performed the Cone Calorimeter test and Smoke density test in accordance with ISO 5660-1 and ASTM E662 respectively to check the smoke production characteristics of rubber flooring materials for railway vehicle. Early in the ASTM E662 test, more smoke was produced in the flame mode test than non-flame mode test, but later more smoke was produced in non-flame mode test. The correlation($R^2$) between TSR(Total Smoke Release) by ISO 5660-1 and Ds(Specific Optical Density) by ASTM E662 Flame mode was 0.782. The $R^2$ between TSR by ISO 5660-1 and Ds by ASTM E662 Non-flame was 0.930.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.4 s.64
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• pp.26-32
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• 2006

Nowadays in Korea, KS F 2271 has been using for the test of fire safety performance of sandwich panels. Smoke toxicity test is the test for the toxicity evaluation of smoke and hazardous gas, caused by combustion of building materials and finishing materials. Smoke toxicity can be evaluated by the mean incapacitation time of mice; however this method is not a quantitative way. This test result can be influenced by the health status of mice and test condition. Specific optical density can be quantitatively measured by ISO 5659-2 single chamber method and toxic gases can be quantitatively measured by FTIR analysis. In this study, specific optical density of sandwich panel insulations, which are widely used in Korea, were tested using the ISO 5659-2 single chamber test method and compared with each test. Also, in the second test of three tests for each specimen, FTIR analysis was performed and quantitative test results(HCl, $NO_2$, etc) were compared with each test result.