• 의료법학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.239-274
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• 2010

Advance directive refers to a description of the treatment method a patient wants to be provided with in case where the person is unconscious or lacks an ability to decision making in a future period or a declaration of intention that delegates and appoints another person who makes a decision regarding a treatment method on behalf of the person. Advance directive is usually a document form, but oral statement is acceptable as well. Advance directive may have a variety of forms though, it basically consists of two basic forms. That is, one is a living will, and the other is a surrogate decision making. Though the importance of advance directive has been emphasized, and the necessity of adopting the system has been strongly argued for so far, the debates on criteria, method, and procedure alike have not yet reached an agreement. It is because even the concept of advance directive is more or less ambiguous, and each specific method has its own theoretical limitations and practical constraints. Thus the inquiries on advance directive raised in the study are summarized as the meaning, practicability, and philosophical foundation of the advance directive. Firstly, the theoretical limitations of Advance directive may be categorized into conceptual and moral limitations. In case of conceptual limitations, authors of advance directives may not be well aware, in advance, of the particular situation in which he or her will experience in the future, and patients may experience the change in his or her values and lack the understanding and information about the future situation due to the changes in treatment methods. In case of moral limitations, a patient has a limited moral autonomy right and self identity that have an impact on his or her preference. Secondly, in case of practical constraints for advance directive, there exist cultural features, low ratio of documentation, as patients themselves admit, and low predictability and stability of patient's own preference regarding life-sustaining care. And the problem of validity and accuracy in proxy's decision making is also raised. Those who administer a living will, especially, may have a difficulty in understanding the directive by a patient, so that the accuracy of execution cannot be secured. In the sense, it is needed to implement a legal device in order to solve such problems. In summary, it is urgently required to understand the limitations and explore desired alternatives to overcome the relevant problems in advance, which must contribute to successfully adopting and effectively operating the advance directive system in Korea.

• 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2015

최근 구글, 애플 등 스마트 디바이스 업체들이 모바일 운영체제를 활용한 차량용 운영체제 및 내비게이션을 경쟁적으로 공개함에 따라 차량용 운영체제 및 내비게이션 시장에서 사용자의 선택의 폭이 넓어지고 있다. 모바일 운영체제를 탑재한 내비게이션은 기존 내비게이션과 차별화된 기능을 제공하여 사용자의 편의성을 높였다. 그러나, 내비게이션에서 사용하는 POI 데이터베이스를 내비게이션 상의 응용 프로그램이 편하게 이용할 수 있는 API가 없어 POI 데이터를 활용한 애플리케이션이 부족하다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 한계점을 극복하기 위한 내비게이션 운영체제용 POI 검색 관련 시스템 콜을 설계하고 구현하였다. 집합 기반 POI 검색을 지원하므로 잘못된 입력에 의한 검색 성능 저하 문제도 해결한다. 성능평가 결과, 검색 성능이 향상되었을 뿐만 아니라 응용 프로그램에서 API를 활용하는 데 문제가 없었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2020

In most cases in urban areas, construction of divergence tunnel should take into account proximity to existing tunnel in operation. This inevitably leads to deformation of adjacent structures and surrounding ground. Preceding researches mainly dealt with reinforcing of the diverging section for the stability including the pillar. This has limitations in investigating the interactive effects between existing structures and surrounding ground due to the excavation of the divergence tunnel. In this study, the complex interactive behavior of pile, the operating tunnel, and the surrounding ground according to horizontal offsets between the two adjacent tunnels was quantitatively analyzed based on conditions diverged from operating tunnel in urban areas. The effects on ground structures confirmed by analyzing the ground surface settlements, pile settlements, and the axial forces of the pile. The axial forces of lining in operating tunnel investigated to estimate their impact on existing tunnel. In addition, in order to identify the deformation of the surrounding ground, the close range photogrammetry applied to the laboratory model test for confirming the underground displacements. Two-dimensional finite element numerical analysis was also performed and compared with the results. It identified that the impact of excavating a divergence tunnel decreased as the horizontal offset increased. In particular, when the horizontal offset was larger than 1.0D (D is the diameter of operating tunnel), the impact on existing structures further reduced and the deformation of surrounding ground was concentrated at the top of the divergence tunnel.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2001

The software components of embedded control systems get extremely complex as they are designed into distributed systems get extremely complex as they are designed into distributed systems consisting of a large number of inexpensive microcontrollers interconnected by low-bandwidth real-time networks such as the controller area network (CAN). While recently emerging middleware technologies such as CORBA and DCOM address the complexity of distributed programming, they cannot be directly applied to distributed control system design due to their excessive resource demand and inadequate communication models. In this paper, we propose a CORBA-based middleware design for CAN-based distributed embedded control systems. Our design goal is to minimize its resource need and make it support group communication without losing the IDL (interface definition language) level compliance to the OMG standards. To achieve this, we develop a transport protocol on the CAN and a group communication scheme based on the well-known publisher/subscriber model. The protocol effectively realizes subject-based addressing and supports anonymous publisher/subscriber communication. We also customize the method invocation and message passing protocol, referred to as the general inter-ORB protocol (GIOP), of CORBA so that CORBA method invocations are efficiently serviced on a low-bandwidth network such as the CAN. This customization includes packed data encoding and variable-length integer encoding for compact representation of IDL data types. We have implemented our CORBA-based middleware on the mArx real-time operating system we have developed at Seoul National University. Our experiments clearly demonstrate that it is feasible to use CORBA in developing distributed embedded control systems possessing severe resource limitations. Our design clearly demonstrates that it is feasible to use a CORBA-based middleware in developing distributed embedded systems on real-time networks possessing severe resource limitations.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2021

Objective : Though the operating microscope (OM) has been the standard optical system in neurosurgery, a new technology called three-dimensional (3D) exoscope has emerged as an alternative. Herein, two types of 3D exoscopes for brain tumor surgery are presented. In addition, the advantages and limitations compared with the OM are discussed. Methods : In the present study, 3D exoscope VOMS-100 or VITOM 3D was used in 11 patients with brain tumor who underwent surgical resection; the Kinevo 900 OM was used only in emergency. After completion of all surgeries, the participants were surveyed with a questionnaire regarding video image quality on the display monitor, handling of equipment, ergonomics, educational usefulness, 3D glasses, and expectation as a substitute for the OM. Results : Among 11 patients, nine patients underwent neurosurgical resection with only 3D exoscope; however, two patients required additional aid with the OM due to difficulty in hemostasis. Regarding video image quality, VITOM 3D was mostly equivalent to the OM, but VOMS-100 was not. However, both 3D exoscopes showed advantages in accessibility of instruments in the surgical field and occupied less space in the operating theater. Differences in ergonomics and educational usefulness between the exoscopes were not reported. Respondents did not experience discomfort in wearing 3D glasses and thought the exoscopes could be currently, and in the future, used as a substitute for the OM. Conclusion : Although many neurosurgeons are not familiar with 3D exoscopes, they have advantages compared with the OM and similar image quality. Exoscopes could be a substitute for OM in the future if some limitations are overcome.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.651-657
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• 2023

국내외 철도사업에서 철도의 신규 건설과 더불어 기존선의 개량을 통한 증속, 고속화 사업도 큰 비중을 차지고 있다. 특히 해외의 개발도상국은 경제수준을 고려할 때 고속철도의 건설은 막대한 규모의 예산소요와 수요를 고려할 때 한계가 있어, 기존 철도의 선형개량을 통한 증속사업이 실현가능성이 높은 것으로 판단하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 선형개량을 통향 기존선의 증속사업의 효율적 기획과 분석을 위하여, 기존에 신규 철도 건설사업 분석에 활용되고 있는 지능형 철도선형계획 프로그램(ei-Rail)에 선형개량사업 분석 기능을 추가할 수 있는 방법론을 개발하였다. 수치지도 또는 기존의 위성사진 자료를 기반의 베이스 맵에 기존의 철도선형을 입력하고, 목표속도등 선형개량사업의 목표를 입력하면, 사업의 비용과 도면, 증속효과 분석 결과 등을 자동적으로 제시함으로써, 철도선형개량 사업의 기획과 분석을 효율적으로 수행할 수 있는 도구로 활용될 수 있도록 하였다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.1049-1055
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• 2023

농업용 드론을 이용한 방제 작업의 경우 그 경제적 효율성으로 인해 활용도가 증가하고 있으나, 작업자의 숙련도에 따라 효과의 차이가 발생한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 스마트 운영 모드를 적용하여, 수동 비행 모드에서 제어의 단점을 보완하고 이에 대한 수치적 모델을 제안하고, 선행 연구와 비교 검증을 통해 실험적 검증을 수행하였다. 그 결과 농업용 방제 드론들의 분사 시간 및 방제면적을 도출하였고, 수치적 모델과 유사성이 높은 방제용 드론을 선정하여 실험적으로 검증하였다. 이를 통해 수동 비행 모드보다 스마트 운영 모드 적용 시 살포 면적 및 작업(살포 균일도 및 작업 효율)이 상대적으로 효과적인 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.1063-1071
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• 2004

Accurate heat release analysis of cylinder pressure data is important for evaluating performance in the development of diesel engine However, traditional single zone first law heat release model(SZM) has significant limitations due to the simplified assumption of uniform charge and neglecting local temperature inside cylinder during combustion process. In this study. heat release rate based on single zone heat release model has been evaluated by comparison with computational analysis results using Fire code which is based on multi-dimensional model(MDM). To overcome limitations due to simplicity of single zone assumption. especially the influence of specific heat ratio on gross heat release has been esteemed and newly suggested were the equation $\gamma$= $\gamma$(${T/T}_{max}$) which describes the variations of gases thermodynamic properties with mean temperature and maximum mean temperature inside cylinder Single zone heat release model applied with this equation is shown to give very good results over whole range of operating conditions when compared with computational analysis results based on multi-dimensional model.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.495-504
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• 2021

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) applications possess substantial versatility within surgical applications, such as complex reconstructive surgeries and for the use of surgical resection guides. The capability of constructing an implant from a series of radiographic images to provide personalized anatomical fit is what makes 3D printed implants most appealing to surgeons. Our objective is to describe the process of integration of 3DP implants into the operating room for spinal surgery, summarize the outcomes of using 3DP implants in spinal surgery, and discuss the limitations and safety concerns during pre-operative consideration. 3DP allows for customized, light weight, and geometrically complex functional implants in spinal surgery in cases of decompression, tumor, and fusion. However, there are limitations such as the cost of the technology which is prohibitive to many hospitals. The novelty of this approach implies that the quantity of longitudinal studies is limited and our understanding of how the human body responds long term to these implants is still unclear. Although it has given surgeons the ability to improve outcomes, surgical strategies, and patient recovery, there is a need for prospective studies to follow the safety and efficacy of the usage of 3D printed implants in spine surgery.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2022년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.161-164
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• 2022

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) schemes have been recently growing as a reliable solution to preserve users' information owe to maintaining and operating the user data in the encrypted state. In addition to that, several Neural Networks models merged with HE schemes have been developed as a prospective tool for privacy-preserving machine learning. Those mentioned works demonstrated that it is possible to match the accuracy of non-encrypted models but there is always a trade-off in the computation time. In this work, we evaluate the implementation of CKKS HE scheme operations over the layers of a LeNet5 convolutional inference model, however, owing to the limitations of the evaluation environment, the scope of this work is not to develop a complete LeNet5 encrypted model. The evaluation was performed using the MNIST dataset with Microsoft SEAL (MSEAL) open-source homomorphic encryption library ported version on Python (PyFhel). The behavior of the encrypted model, the limitations faced and a small description of related and future work is also provided.