• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.13-27
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• 1995

single $K^{+}$ channels of skeletal muscle from the rat and frog were into planar lipid bilayers and their properties were studied. Fusion was induced by an osmotic gradient. Of the four types of $K^{+}$ channels recorded, the two most frequently observed were a voltage and $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^{+}$ channel and a $K^{+}$ channel with a prominent conductance substate. The first $K^{+}$ channel was identified as the large $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^{+}$ (BK) channel because the open-state probability was increased with depolarization (e-fold change per $10.6{\pm}3.5$ mV, n=8) and internal $Ca^{2+}$ (half-activation at $16.7{\pm}3.8$ mV, n=8, pCa 4) and its conductance was large ($247{\pm}4.9$ pS, n=24 in 0.1 M KCI). Lifetime distributions of open- and closed-states could be fitted with single exponentials of several milliseconds. The mean open- and closed-lifetimes were linearly dependent on the intracellular $[Ca^{2+}]$ and $1/[Ca^{2+}]$, respectively. The second $K^{+}$ channel showed a conductance substate at $30{\sim}60%$ of the open state. Its current-voltage relation was linear in the range of $-80\;{\sim}\;+80\;mV$. The slope conductance of the substate and open-state were 40 and 144 pS in 0.2 M KCl, respectively. The channel was highly selective for $K^{+}$ over Cl. The open-state probability was weakly voltage-dependent (e-fold change per 35 mV. The lifetime distributions of open- and closed-states were fitted with two exponentials and the major gating occurred slowly at several hundred milliseconds. Based on the above results, we think the second type of $K^{+}$ channel is the sarcoplasmic reticulum $K^{+}$ (SRK) channel. In addition, both types of channel were also incorporated into the lipids extracted from the skeletal muscle. The channel properties recorded in the bilayers termed from synthetic and extracted lipids were qualitatively similar. Our data indicate that BK and SRK channels are rich in the skeletal muscle and their properties and regulation could be effectively studied in planar lipid bilayer.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.54-70
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• 2024

생산이 완료된 노천광산 채굴적을 광미(광물찌꺼기) 적치 장소로 활용하는 방안은 기존 광미 적치 시설(TSF, Tailing storage facility)의 설치 공간 및 운영비용 문제 해결을 위한 대안으로 제시된다. 하지만 장기간에 걸쳐 적치된 광미는 주변 암반에 추가적인 하중으로 작용하여 광산의 역학적 안정성을 저해할 위험성이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 호주 Marymia 광산의 사례를 참고하여 약 60,400 시간에 걸친 광미 적치 시나리오를 구축하였으며, 다양한 지하 채광장 형태 및 암반 조건에 따른 천반 수평필러의 역학적 안정성을 Sigma/W 해석 소프트웨어를 활용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 광미 적치가 장기간 지속됨에 따라 천반 수평필러의 파괴 가능성이 유의미하게 증가함을 확인하였다. 해당 결과는 노천채굴적 내 광미 적치 시 광산 구조에 대한 역학적 안정성 고려가 필수적임을 시사한다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.947-955
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• 2002

불완전 전력제어된 역방향 링크에서 얼랑용량과 링크마진을 구하는 각각의 차단확률을 유도하고, 시스템 파라메터와 차단확률이 같은 조건에서 그 값을 구하여 도시, 교외, 개방지역에서 사용자 수와 셀 커버리지와의 관계를 분석할 때 파라메터로 적용하였다. 이때 얼랑용량은 현실적인 셀 용량으로 적용될 수 있고, 링크마진의 적용은 셀 커버리지 계산에서 신뢰성을 높일 수 있었다. 차단확률이 5 % 이내에서 E$_{b}$/N$_{o}$ 값을 7 dB에서 5 dB로 낮추는 경우에 링크마진을 2.8 dB로 똑같이 적용해도 셀 용량은 18 얼랑에서 31 얼랑으로 증가하였고, 이때 도시, 교외, 개방지역에서 셀 커버리지는 각각 0.4 km, 1 km, 2.5 km씩 증가하였다. 또한 E$_{b}$/N$_{o}$ 값이 5 dB에서 차단확률을 5 %에서 2 %로 낮출 경우 링크마진은 0.88 dB 더 증가시켜야 하며, 이때 용량이 31 얼랑에서 3얼랑 감소함에 따라 0.15 km, 0.5 km, 1.5 km 씩 줄어드는 범위 내에서 신뢰성을 높이고 양질의 서비스 제공이 가능하였다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.237-242
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• 2012

This paper 산삼전문가가 아니더라도 일반인이 산삼과 같은 식물을 발견하였을 때 산삼의 진위여부를 스마트폰을 사용하여 확인할 수 있는 이미지 매칭 기술을 제안한다. 또한 SNS 기능을 추가하여 산삼을 발견한 위치 및 정보를 공유함으로써 산삼 발견의 확률을 높이고자 한다. Android에 포팅해서 사용하는 OpenCV를 이용한 이미지 매칭 기술을 사용하여 산삼 잎의 사진과 기존에 산삼으로 판명된 이미지를 비교하여 산삼의 진위여부 판별을 위한 애플리케이션을 개발함으로써 단순히 산삼의 정보표현만이 아닌 기존 실제 이미지와 비교, 분석을 통해 진위여부를 확인하였다. 더욱 정확한 검증을 위해 SNS 서비스 기능 및 Map Open API에 산삼의 위치를 마킹하는 기능을 추가하여 사용자간의 정보 공유가 가능하도록 하였다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.243-260
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper aims to investigate the properties of crude oil based derivative security (DLS) focusing on step-down type for comprehensive understanding of its risk. Design/methodology/approach - Kernel estimation is conducted to figure out statistical feature of the process of oil price. We simulate oil price paths based on kernel estimation results and derive probabilities of hitting the barrier and early redemption. Findings - The amount of issuance for crude oil based DLS is relatively low when base prices are below $40 while it is high when base prices are around $60 or $100, which is not consistent with kernel estimation results showing that oil futures prices tend to revert toward $46.14 and the mean-reverting speed is faster as oil price is lower. The analysis based on simulated oil price paths reveals that probability of early redemption is below 50% for DLS with high base prices and the ratio of the probability of early redemption to the probability of hitting barrier is remarkably low compared to the case for DLS with low base prices, as the chance of early redemption is deferred. Research implications or Originality - Empirical results imply that the level of the base price is a crucial factor of the risk for DLS, thus introducing a time-varying knock-in barrier, which is similar to adjust the base price, merits consideration to enhance protection for DLS investors.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 HMIPv6환경에서 모바일 호스트들의 지역적인 환경과 이동 패턴을 고려한 페이징 기법을 제안한다. 제안한 페이징 기법은 지역적인 환경과 모바일 호스트들의 핸드오프 확률에 따라서 적응적으로 페이징 도메인을 구성할 수 있고 핸드오프 확률을 기반으로 단계적으로 페이징을 실시한다. 그리고 본 논문에서는 광장과 같이 이동 패턴이 자유로운 개방된 환경과 도심과 같은 이동 패턴이 제한된 실제 도심 중심지 환경을 기반으로 제안한 기법에 대한 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 본 논문에서 제안한 기법은 비교 기법에 비하여 전체적으로 우수한 성능을 보였고, 특히 호 요청비율이 많은 실제 도심 환경에서 더 좋은 성능을 보였다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.501-512
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• 2018

We propose Sequential Patient Recruitment Monitoring (SPRM), a new monitoring procedure for patient recruitment in a clinical trial. Based on the sequential probability ratio test using improved stopping boundaries by Woodroofe, the method allows for continuous monitoring of the rate of enrollment. It gives an early warning when the recruitment is unlikely to achieve the target enrollment. The packet data approach combined with the Central Limit Theorem makes the method robust to the distribution of the recruitment entry pattern. A straightforward application of the counting process framework can be used to estimate the probability to achieve the target enrollment under the assumption that the current trend continues. The required extension of the recruitment period can also be derived for a given confidence level. SPRM is a new, continuous patient recruitment monitoring tool that provides an opportunity for corrective action in a timely manner. It is suitable for the modern, centralized data management environment and requires minimal effort to maintain. We illustrate this method using real data from two well-known, multicenter, phase III clinical trials.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.117-132
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• 2018

There always exist nonzero inspection errors whether inspectors are humans or automatic inspection machines. Inspection errors can be categorized by two types, type I error and type II error, and they can be regarded as either a constant or a random variable. Under the assumption that two types of random inspection errors are distributed with the "uniform" distribution on a half-open interval starting from zero, it was proved that inspectors overestimate any given fraction defective with the probability more than 50%, if and only if the given fraction defective is smaller than a critical value, which depends upon only the ratio of a type II error over a type I error. In addition, it was also proved that the probability of overestimation approaches one hundred percent as a given fraction defective approaches zero. If these critical phenomena hold true for any error distribution, then it might have great economic impact on commercial inspection plans due to the unfair overestimation and the recent trend of decreasing fraction defectives in industry. In this paper, we deal with the same overestimation problem, but assume a "symmetrical triangular" distribution expecting better results since our triangular distribution is closer to a normal distribution than the uniform distribution. It turns out that the overestimation phenomenon still holds true even for the triangular error distribution.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2012

All contemporary seismic Codes have adopted smooth design acceleration response spectra, which have derived by statistical analysis of many elastic response spectra of natural accelerograms. The above smooth design spectra are characterized by two main branches, an horizontal branch that is 2.5 times higher than the peak ground acceleration, and a declining parabolic branch. According to Eurocode EN/1998, the period range of the horizontal, flat branch is extended from 0.1 s, for rock soils, up to 0.8 s for softer ones. However, from many natural recorded accelerograms of important earthquakes, the real spectral amplification factor appears to be much higher than 2.5 and this means that the spectrum leads to an unsafe seismic design of the structures. This point is an issue open to question and it is the object of the present study. In the present paper, the spectral amplification factor of the smooth design acceleration spectra is re-calculated on the grounds of a known "reliability index" for a desired probability of exceedance. As a pilot scheme, the seismic area of Greece is chosen, as it is the most seismically hazardous area in Europe. The accelerograms of the 82 most important earthquakes, which have occurred in Greece during the last 38 years, are used. The soil categories are taken into account according to EN/1998. The results that have been concluded from these data are compared with the results obtained from other strong earthquakes reported in the World literature.

• KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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• 제3A권3호
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• pp.124-129
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• 2003

As the power industry moves towards open competition, there has been a call for methodology to evaluate power system reliability by using composite interruption cost. This paper presents algorithms to evaluate the interruption cost of distribution power systems by taking into consideration the failure source and the composite customer interruption cost. From the consumer's standpoint, the composite customer interruption cost is considered as the most valuable index to estimate the reliability of a power distribution system. This paper presents new algorithms that take into account the load by customer type and failure probability by distribution facilities while calculating the amount of unserved energy by customer type. Finally, evaluation results of unserved energy and system interruption cost based on composite customer interruption cost are shown in detail.