• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2010년도 학술발표회
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• pp.452-456
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• 2010

Water is an indispensable input to human's existence and industrial production. In these days, people are getting more concerned about their health and the interest in the safety of drinking water has increased. In this situation, this paper attempts to measure the economic benefits of the tap water quality improvement. The study area was restricted to Busan, the second largest city in Korea, where local government is planning to implement a tap water quality improvement program. We apply a one-and-one-half bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation (CV) method to obtain at least a preliminary evaluation of the benefits. CV is developed for valuing goods or services that cannot be valued either directly or indirectly from market observations and has been applied to several environmental goods. The CV survey was rigorously designed to comply with the guidelines for best-practiced CV studies. We surveyed a randomly selected sample of 400 households in Busan and asked respondents questions in person-to-person interviews about how they would be willing to pay for the water quality improvement. Respondents overall accepted the contingent market and were willing to contribute a significant amount (US$1.66), on average, per household per month. We can also calculate the aggregate value of the program which improves the water quality in Busan. This study is expected to provide policy-makers with useful information for evaluating and planning environmental policies relating specifically to water.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.858-864
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• 2007

This study investigated the antibacterial activities of sophoraflavanone G from Sophora flavescens in combination with two antimicrobial agents against oral bacteria. The combined effect of sophoraflavanone G and the antimicrobial agents was evaluated using the checkerboard method to obtain a fractional inhibitory concentration(FIC) index. The sophoraflavanone G+ampicillin(AM) combination was found to have a synergistic effect against S. mutans, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus, S. gordonii, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F nucleatum, P. intermedia, and P. gingivalis, whereas the sophoraflavanone G+gentamicin(GM) combination had a synergistic effect against S. sanguinis, S. criceti, S. anginosus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F nucleatum, P. intermedia, and P. gingivalis. Neither combination exhibited any antagonistic interactions(FIC index>4). In particular, the MICs/MBCs for all the bacteria were reduced to one-half$\sim$one-sixteenth as a result of the drug combinations. A synergistic interaction was also confirmed by time-kill studies for nine bacteria where the checkerboard suggested synergy. Thus, a strong bactericidal effect was exerted through the drug combinations, plus in vitro data suggested that sophoraflavanone G combined with other antibiotics may be microbiologically beneficial rather than antagonistic.

• 에너지공학
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.270-282
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• 2013

기후변화 및 화석연료 고갈에 대한 국가적 대응 차원으로 가연성 폐기물 에너지화가 진행되고 있다. 가연성 폐기물 에너지화란 비닐, 종이와 같은 폐기물을 전용보일러나 발전소에서 전기나 열을 생산하는 데 연료로 사용 할 수 있도록 고형연료로 제조하여 에너지로 전환하는 것이다. 본 논문은 조건부 가치측정법(CVM, Contingent Valuation Method)을 적용하여 폐기물에너지가 전체 에너지 소비에서 차지하는 비중을 현재의 1.89%에서 2020년까지 5%로 확대하는 정책의 시행으로부터 발생하는 외부적 편익을 추정하고자 한다. 이를 위해 지불의사액(WTP, willingness to pay)을 도출하고자 서울시 500가구를 대상으로 면대면 설문조사를 실시하여 CVM을 적용하였다. 지불의사 유도방법으로 1.5경계 양분선택모형과 영(0)의 WTP를 처리하기 위한 스파이크 모형을 결합한 분석모형을 적용한 결과 폐기물 에너지화에 대한 매월 가구당 평균 WTP는 2,724원으로 유의수준 5%에서 통계적으로 유의하게 추정되었다. 이를 서울시 전체로 확장하면 연간 137억원에 달한다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2015

Backgrounds: Patient counseling has been forced since June. 19, 2014. Prior to this, there was no study to try to standardize medication counseling to improve quality. Purpose: This study was to investigate satisfaction level and comprehension level between the pharmacist group and the patient group about standardized medication counseling sheet. Methods: Questionnaires to assess standardized patient counseling sheet were posted at online survey software (Qualtrics) to pharmacists who worked at community pharmacy and patients who had visited community pharmacy before. Results: Three hundred thirty five patients and three hundred nineteen pharmacists were responded to the questionnaire (Response rate: 72.9%). More than half of each group were satisfied with standardized medication counseling sheets 'for the general public', 'for the pregnant women and nursing mothers', 'for the chronic patient', and 'for the aged' and patient group were more satisfied than pharmacist group. Similarly, more than half of each group comprehended with the medication counseling sheets 'for the general public', 'for the pregnant women and nursing mothers', 'for the chronic patient', and 'for the aged'. Patient group tended to expect longer patient counseling time per one drug than pharmacist group. Also, the majority of both groups wanted to provide standardized medication counseling sheets constantly and extend for all drugs. Conclusion: Both groups were satisfied and comprehended standardized medication counseling sheets, and agreed to expand standardized medication counseling sheets to all drugs. So, it is necessary to build the standardized medication counseling of all drugs.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.216-223
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• 2018

Objective: This study is performed to investigate the trend of health care (HC) utilization among cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) during 2007-2016 by using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (KNHIS). Methods: The KNHIS data were reorganized to count a specific patient only once for a specific year. Cleft type (cleft lip [CL], cleft palate [CP], and cleft lip and palate [CLP]), sex, and age at HC utilization were investigated. The study period was divided into the first half (2007-2011) and the last half (2012-2016). The utilization number and rate per 1,000 population were calculated for the total population and for new-born patients. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analyses. Results: The total CL/P population (n = 48,707) comprised 19.2% CLP, 35.5% CL, and 45.3% CP (CLP < CL < CP; p < 0.001). Their HC utilization rate increased from 0.066 in 2007 to 0.118 in 2016. The new-born patient population (n = 7,617) comprised 18.6% CLP, 30.4% CL, and 51.0% CP (CLP < CL < CP; p < 0.001). Their HC utilization rate increased from 1.12 in 2007 to 1.74 in 2016. An examination of the utilization number and rate among new-born patients revealed CP exhibited a female-dominant pattern (all p < 0.01), while CL and CLP exhibited a male-dominant pattern (all p < 0.01). However, utilization number showed no difference by sex and cleft type between 2007-2011 and 2012-2016. Conclusions: These results might serve as a guideline for HC utilization among patients with CL/P.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.918-925
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• 2005

The basic mechanism of normal pressure hydrocephalus(NPH) is found in an impediment to CSF absorption. In about half of the cases, the etiology remains obscure. NPH is more frequently found in elderly people. The main symptoms are gait disturbances, urinary incontinence and various degree of cognitive changes. The current treatment is ventriculo-peritoneal shunting, ideally using an adjustable valve. In about half of surgical operations, results are poor. Hyeongbangjihwang-tang(荊防地黃湯) is used to treat Soyangin(少陽人) weakness(虛弱) and edema(浮腫). It is and important Gang-Yin(降陰) medicine. A Soyangin patient diagnosed with NPH, who had undergone surgery for ventriculo-peritoneal shunting, was treated with Hyeongbangjihwang-tang. Significant improvement of clinical symptoms was seen, so it is here reported.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2018

Drip irrigation system is a low energy cost method which can efficiently save and supply water by dropping water slowly on the crop's root zone during crop growth. In the drip irrigation system, disk filters take an important role to physically remove impurity (inorganic and suspended organic) particles present in agricultural water which can cause emitter clogging. For the purpose, both top-and-bottom surfaces of the disk are grooved in micron size flowing from outside to inside. However, many congested flow paths in disk filter media incur higher head loss of inflow water resulting in relatively decreasing velocities depending on operation time than sand and mesh filters. Therefore, it is important to optimize the structure of disk filter in micro irrigation system. The head loss of disk filter media takes also charge of more than 60 % of total head loss in whole disk filter. This study is to find the appropriate cross-sectional shape of the disk groove to minimize the head loss by executing the experiment. The experiment used three disk filters that have similar filter body but have a half-elliptic and two kinds of triangular cross sections. The experimental results showed that the disk filter with half-elliptic cross sections of disk grooves have less head loss than the disk filter with regular triangular one.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2002년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.3 No.2
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• pp.869-873
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• 2002

$Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ (CZTS) thin film is one of the candidate materials for the solar cell. It has an excellent optical absorption coefficient as well as appropriate 1.4~1.5eV band gap. The purpose of this study is replacing a half of high-cost Indium(In) atoms with low-cost Zinc(Zn) atoms and the other half with low-cost Tin(Sn) atoms in the lattice of CIS. In annealing process of thin films deposited with mixture target, the thin films were appeared the peeling. The resistivity was decreased. Thin films were deposited on ITO glass substrates using a compound target which were made by $CU_2S$, ZnS, $SnS_2$ powder were sintered in the atmosphere of Al at room temperature by rf magnetron sputtering We investigated potentialities of a low-cost material for the solar cell by measuring of thin film composition, the structure and optical properties. We could get an appropriate $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ composition A (112) preferred orientation was appeared without annealing temperature as shown in the diffraction peaks of the CIS cells and was available for photovoltaic thin film materials. The band gap increased from 1.4 to 1.7eV as the composition ratio of Zn/Sn.. The optical absorption coefficient of the thin film was above $10^4cm^{-1}$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.501-509
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• 2022

Irisin is a myokine caused by exercise that improves insulin resistance and weight loss. However, under unfavorable conditions such as air pollution, and during the pandemic, outdoor activities are uncomfortable. Therefore, in this study, the effect of heat therapy (half bath 42 ± 0.5℃ for 30 min) on irisin circulation levels as an exercise alternative for middle-aged obese women after menopause was investigated. Subjects were 33 women aged 49.54 ± 6.04 years, with parameters of height, 160.12 ± 4.33 cm, weight, 69.71 ± 7.52 kg, body surface area 1.73 ± 0.13 m², body mass index, 27.19 ± 3.40 kg/m². The results suggest that circulating irisin levels showed a significant increase after one-time thermotherapy (TH-1). However, the increase in circulating irisin levels after 15 treatments (TH-15, 5 days/week, 3 weeks) was significantly varied. The level of adiponectin, which increases fatty oxidation to reduce fatty deposition, increased significantly at TH-1, but further increased at TH-15, which was significantly different from the level of TH-1. In addition, the basic serum free fatty acid (FFA) level was significantly increased at TH-15 compared to TH-1. Significant differences were also found in the lipid profile (body mass index, waist circumference, and % body fat). Thermotherapy can significantly increase the tympanic temperature and induce changes in circulating irisin and adiponectin levels. Thus, it resulted in positive changes in FFA and lipid profiles. Therefore, repeated thermotherapy is effective in increasing circulating irisin levels in postmenopausal obese women.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.166-171
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• 2010

In this paper, the front-end of a digital receiver with a 25 kHz carrier frequency, 5 kHz symbol rate, and any excess-bandwidth is designed using two basic facts. The first is known as the uniform sampling theorem, which states that the sampled sequence might not suffer from aliasing even if its sampling rate is lower than the Nyquist sampling rate if the analog signal is a bandpass one. The other fact is that if the sampling rate is 4 times the center frequency of the sampled sequence, the front-end processing complexity can be dramatically reduced due to the half of the sampled sequence to be multiplied by zero in the demixing process. Furthermore, the designed front-end is simplified by introducing sub-filters and sub-sampling sequences. The designed front-end is composed of an A/D converter, which takes samples of a bandpass filtered signal at a 20 kHz rate; a serial-to-parallel converter, which converts a sampled bandpass sequence to 4 parallel sub-sample sequences; 4 sub-filter blocks, which act as a frequency shifter and lowpass filter for a complex sequence; 4 synchronized switches; and 2 adders. The designed front-end dramatically reduces the computational complexity by more than 50% for frequency shifting and lowpass filtering operations since a conventional front-end requires a frequency shifting and two lowpass filtering operations to get one lowpass complex sample, while the proposed front-end requires only four filtering operation to get four lowpass complex samples, which is equivalent to one filtering operation for one sample.