• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.769-776
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• 2010

A pebbling move on a connected graph G is taking two pebbles off of one vertex and placing one of them on an adjacent vertex. For a connected graph G, $G^p$ (p > 1) is the graph obtained from G by adding the edges (u, v) to G whenever 2 $\leq$ dist(u, v) $\leq$ p in G. And the pebbling exponent of a graph G to be the least power of p such that the pebbling number of $G^p$ is equal to the number of vertices of G. We compute the pebbling number of fourth power of paths so that the pebbling exponents of some paths are calculated.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2024

Chung defined a pebbling move on a graph G as the removal of two pebbles from one vertex and the addition of one pebble to an adjacent vertex. The monophonic pebbling number guarantees that a pebble can be shifted in the chordless and the longest path possible if there are any hurdles in the process of the supply chain. For a connected graph G a monophonic path between any two vertices x and y contains no chords. The monophonic pebbling number, µ(G), is the least positive integer n such that for any distribution of µ(G) pebbles it is possible to move on G allowing one pebble to be carried to any specified but arbitrary vertex using monophonic a path by a sequence of pebbling operations. The aim of this study is to find out the monophonic pebbling numbers of the sun graphs, (C_n × P₂) + K₁ graph, the spherical graph, the anti-prism graphs, and an n-crossed prism graph.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.1251-1264
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• 2005

Let D be an acyclic digraph. The competition graph of D has the same set of vertices as D and an edge between vertices u and v if and only if there is a vertex x in D such that (u, x) and (v, x) are arcs of D. The competition number of a graph G, denoted by k(G), is the smallest number k such that G together with k isolated vertices is the competition graph of an acyclic digraph. It is known to be difficult to compute the competition number of a graph in general. Even characterizing the graphs with competition number one looks hard. In this paper, we continue the work done by Cho and Kim[3] to characterize the graphs with one hole and competition number one. We give a sufficient condition for a graph with one hole to have competition number one. This generates a huge class of graphs with one hole and competition number one. Then we completely characterize the graphs with one hole and competition number one that do not have a vertex adjacent to all the vertices of the hole. Also we show that deleting pendant vertices from a connected graph does not change the competition number of the original graph as long as the resulting graph is not trivial, and this allows us to construct infinitely many graph having the same competition number. Finally we pose an interesting open problem.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.237-242
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• 1994

One of the most well-known geometric lattices is a partition lattice. Every upper interval of a partition lattice is a partition lattice. The whitney numbers of a partition lattices are the Stirling numbers, and the characteristic polynomial is a falling factorial. The set of partitions with a single non-trivial block containing a fixed element is a Boolean sublattice of modular elements, so the partition lattice is supersolvable in the sense of Stanley [6]. In this paper, we rephrase four results due to Heller[1] and Murty [4] in terms of matroids and give several characterizations of partition lattices. Our notation and terminology follow those in [8,9]. To clarify our terminology, let G, be a finte geometric lattice. If S is the set of points (or rank-one flats) in G, the lattice structure of G induces the structure of a (combinatorial) geometry, also denoted by G, on S. The size vertical bar G vertical bar of the geometry G is the number of points in G. Let T be subset of S. The deletion of T from G is the geometry on the point set S/T obtained by restricting G to the subset S/T. The contraction G/T of G by T is the geometry induced by the geometric lattice [cl(T), over ^1] on the set S' of all flats in G covering cl(T). (Here, cl(T) is the closure of T, and over ^ 1 is the maximum of the lattice G.) Thus, by definition, the contraction of a geometry is always a geometry. A geometry which can be obtained from G by deletions and contractions is called a minor of G.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.284-293
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• 2009

This study investigated chemical composition and antioxidant activity in the aerial parts or roots of Korean and Chinese Cirsium. Water was abundant in their roots than their aerial parts, and its content was similar between Korean Cirsium and Chinese one. Ash was abundant in the aerial parts of Korean one. Protein was abundant in the aerial parts of Korean one and the roots of Chinese one. Lipid content was abundant in the roots of Chinese one. Carbohydrate was abundant in the roots of Korean one while K content was abundant in the roots of Chinese one. Ca and Mg contents were abundant in the aerial parts of Korean one. P and Fe contents were abundant in the aerial parts of Korean one. Cu content was abundant in the aerial parts of Korean and Chinese ones. Vitamin A and vitamin C were not detected, but vitamin E and $\beta$-carotene were contained 5.35 IU/100 g, 1113.18 ${\mu}g$/100 g in the aerial parts of Korean one. Yield, total phenolics and total flavonoid contents were abundant in the roots of Korean one. Silymarin, cynarin, and narirutin were not detected in Korean and Chinese ones, but apigenin was identified in the aerial parts of Korean one. Acacetin was identified in the roots of Chinese one. Antioxidant activity was low in Korean and Chinese ones. These results suggest that nutrition composition, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and apigenin content in the aerial parts of Korean Cirsium was superior than those in the roots of Korean and Chinese Cirsium.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonization of the stomach mucosa and duodenum is the major cause of acute and chronic gastroduodenal pathology in humans. Efforts to find effective anti-bacterial strategies against H. pylori for the non-antibiotic control of H. pylori infection are urgently required. In this study, we used whey to prepare glycomacropeptide (GMP), from which sialic acid (G-SA) was enzymatically isolated. We investigated the anti-bacterial effects of G-SA against H. pylori in vitro and in an H. pylori-infected murine model. MATERIALS/METHODS: The anti-bacterial activity of G-SA was measured in vitro using the macrodilution method, and interleukin-8 (IL-8) production was measured in H. pylori and AGS cell co-cultures by ELISA. For in vivo study, G-SA 5 g/kg body weight (bw)/day and H. pylori were administered to mice three times over one week. After one week, G-SA 5 g/kg bw/day alone was administered every day for one week. Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of G-SA. In addition, real-time PCR was performed to measure the genetic expression of cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA). RESULTS: G-SA inhibited the growth of H. pylori and suppressed IL-8 production in H. pylori and in AGS cell co-cultures in vitro. In the in vivo assay, administration of G-SA reduced levels of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines whereas IL-10 level increased. Also, G-SA suppressed the expression of cagA in the stomach of H. pylori-infected mice. CONCLUSION: G-SA possesses anti-H. pylori activity as well as an anti-H. pylori-induced gastric inflammatory effect in an experimental H. pylori-infected murine model. G-SA has potential as an alternative to antibiotics for the prevention of H. pylori infection and H. pylori-induced gastric disease prevention.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2018

Objective: Cluster of differentiation 4 protein (CD4) gene is an important immune related gene which plays a significant role in T cell development and host resistance during viral infection. Methods: In order to unravel the relationship of CpG island methylation level of CD4 gene with its gene expression and T lymphocyte subpopulation traits, we used one typical Chinese indigenous breed (Dapulian, DP) and one commercial breed (Landrace), then predicted the CpG island of CD4 gene, determined the methylation status of CpG sites by bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction (BSP), and carried out the correlation analyses of methylation frequencies of CpG sites with mRNA expression and T lymphocyte subpopulation traits. Results: There was one CpG island predicted in the upstream -2 kb region and exon one of porcine CD4 gene, which located 333 bp upstream from the start site of gene and contained nine CpG sites. The correlation analysis results indicated that the methylation frequency of CpG_2 significantly correlated with CD4 mRNA expression in the DP and Landrace combined population, though it did not reach significance level in DP and Landrace separately. Additionally, 15 potential binding transcription factors (TFs) were predicted within the CpG island, and one of them (Jumonji) contained CpG_2 site, suggesting that it may influence the CD4 gene expression through the potential binding TFs. We also found methylation frequency of CpG_2 negatively correlated with T lymphocyte subpopulation traits CD4+CD8-CD3-, CD4-CD8+CD3- and CD4+/CD8+, and positively correlated with CD4-CD8+CD3+ and CD4+CD8+CD3+ (for all correlation, p<0.01) in DP and Landrace combined population. Thus, the CpG_2 was a critical methylation site for porcine CD4 gene expression and T lymphocyte subpopulation traits. Conclusion: We speculated that increased methylation frequency of CpG_2 may lead to the decreased expression of CD4, which may have some kind of influence on T lymphocyte subpopulation traits and the immunity of DP population.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of "Green-one" organic nutrient on mycelial growth and fruiting of P. ostreatus. The dilution concentrations of "Green-one" was treated as follows. There was control, 100, 200, 400 concentrations. That treatments were treated with step of each mycelial growth step. The best of growth steps was mycelial scratching step. At that time, DPI(Day required for primordial formation after inoculation) was shortened for 1 day. Valid germination stipe are 15 pieces, 3 pieces more than control. Stipe length and stipe diameter was long each 4mm, 3mm more than control. Pileus size is shortened than control. Yields per one bottle(g/850cc) was 146g increased 6.5% than control 137g/850cc.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.222-235
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• 1997

On the basis of the seven species of fish caught by fishing boats with one crewmen belonging to the Iwawada Fisheries Cooperative of Chiba Prefecture, the fishing boats were classified by species with high market values, and the results obtained were reclassified by discriminant function. As a result, the fishing boats were classified into six groups. These six groups are : G1 featuring the main catches of yellowtails ; G2 flounders ; G3 skipjack tunas, G4 squids ; G5 demersal fish, and G6 other miscellaneous species. Furthermore, principal component analysis were carried out on fish catches of the seven species in terms of the value obtained from a catch from the scores of the first, second, third and fourth principal components. The results of analysis show that fishing boats with one crewman can be broadly classified into three groups ; i.e., Groups G1/G2, Groups G3/G4/G5 and Group G6.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-112
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• 2002

In order to investigate the effect of Sagoonja-Tang, Samool-Tang and Yookmijihwang-Tang against the cold, heat and immobilization stress, each formula was injected intragastically to mice exposed to forced cold water swimming($4^{\circ}C$), forced hot water swimming($42^{\circ}C$) and immobilization stress before measuring the change of plasma corticosterone level of mice. The results were as follows: 1. One hour after each Sagoonja-Tang, Samool-Tang, Yookmijihwang-Tang with the dose of 1g／kg, 3g／kg each were administered to mice, we put cold stress($4^{\circ}C$) on mice for 3min. Then those prescriptions didn't show any significant effect on plasma corticosterone level. however, Yookmijihwang-Tang(1g/kg) showed a significant increase(p〈0.05), and Samool-Tang(3g/kg) showed a small increase. 2. One hour after Samool-Tang, Sagoonja-Tang and Yookmijihwang-Tang with the dose of 1g／kg, 3g／kg each were administerd, mice exposed to heat stress($42^{\circ}C$) for 3 min. Samool-Tang(1g/kg) and Yookmijihwang-Tang(lg/kg) showed significant decrease of corticosterone level(p〈0.01, p〈0.05) but Sagoonja-Tang didn't change it. In the case of the dose of 3g/kg, only Samool-Tang decreased corticosterone level(P〈0.01), but Sagoonja-Tang, Yookmijihwang-Tang didn't make significant effect on plasma corticosterone level of the mice exposed to heat stress($42^{\circ}C$ ). 3. Those mice which exposed to immobilization stress one hour after Sagoonja-Tang, Samool-Tang, Yookmijihwang-Tang with the dose of 1g/kg and 3g/kg didn't show effective decrease of corticosterone level. However, Sagoonja-Tang(3g/kg), Samool-Tang(lg/kg, 3g/kg) showed the effect of mild increase of corticosterone level rather than decrease. These data revealed that the effect-variation of prescriptions depended on the kinds of stress and the dose of prescriptions had a different effect on therapy.