• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2002

In this paper, we designed and implemented Avata construction system using XML(extensible Markup Language) and SVG(Scalable Vector Graphic). The Web character created with Avata(or Web character) construction system are displayed in same (on without damage of image, regardless terminal type and user can modify and change image easily in form that want. Compare with existing Web character system, the Reusability of web character part element Is increased greatly with Avata construction system of this paper. Because SVG is described by text, graphic retrieval is convenient, and applications can use easily SVG document. Also, SVG can create web graphic document dynamically with database because can access easily in all graphic primitives of line, Polygon, text, image etc. As well as web character using study finding, we may develop usable technology to some contents on World Wide Web.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.325-335
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• 2013

This work develops a motif design integrated with geometrical patterns in traditional ddeoksal and that can be applied to a scarf design so that traditional elements unique to Korean culture can be developed further for a modern application to various design fields. For the research method, literature reviews on op art and traditional ddeoksal were conducted with Adobe Illustrator CS3 and Adobe Photoshop CS3. As for the motif combination, such applications were taken as five pieces from the works of Victor Vasarely and some traditional ddeoksal shapes such as oblique line pattern, taegeuk pattern, and geometrical pattern. Abstract and geometrical images were borrowed from op art and ddeoksal for image expression. The total number of works selected was eleven. To realize the applied scarf design, a motif layout was performed with the scarf center or rim highlighted so that each design feature could be remarkable based on the motif combination. With the function of scaling, rotation, opacity control, filtering effect, the changed images were shown through motif distortion. In addition, this work applies a single combined motif to products for a possible transformation into handkerchiefs and boutique scarfs in the case of smaller sized scarfs.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.247-260
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• 2022

Since the first report on ferroelectricity in Si-doped hafnia (HfO2), this emerging ferroelectrics have been considered promising for the next-generation semiconductor devices with their characteristic nonvolatile data storage. The robust ferroelectricity in the sub-10-nm thickness regime has been proven by numerous research groups. However, extending their scalability below the 5 nm thickness with low temperature processes compatible with the back-end-of-line technology. In this review, therefore, the current status, technical issues, and their potential solutions of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of HfO₂-based ferroelectrics are comprehensively reviewed. Several technical issues in the physical scaling of the ferroelectric thin films and potential solutions including advanced ALD techniques including discrete feeding ALD, atomic layer etching, and area selective ALD are introduced.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2002.11c
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• pp.1859-1862
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• 2002

비공유 데이터베이스 클러스터는 그 구조의 특성 상 동적인 질의 패턴의 변화, 특정 데이터에 대한 질의 집중에 의한 부하 불균형 및 집중, 사용자 증가에 의한 처리량 한계 등의 문제가 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 데이터베이스 클러스터는 최근에 제안된 온-라인 확장기법을 사용하며, 이 기법은 데이터 베이스의 확장성에 의해 큰 영향을 받는다. 일반적으로 클러스터 시스템에서 사용되는 데이터 분할 기법에는 키 값의 순서대로 분할하는 라운드-로빈 분할 기법, 해쉬 함수를 이용해 데이터를 분할하는 해쉬 분할 기법, 범위에 따라 각 노드에 데이터를 분할하는 범위 분할기법, 그리고 조건식에 따라 데이터를 분할하는 조건식 분할 기법이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이 네 가지 분할 기법의 특성을 정리하고, 비공유 데이터베이스 클러스터에서 확장성에 있어서 우수한 분할 기법을 각 분할 기법의 성능평가를 통해 얻는다. 성능평가에서는 각각의 분한 기법을 평가하기 위해 확장 시 발생되는 이동 데이터의 크기, 질의처리에 대한 영향, CPU 사용률, 그리고 온-라인 확장기법의 수행 시 발생되는 특성에 대한 영향을 분석하며, 얻어진 결과를 토대로 비공유 데이터베이스 클러스터에서 가장 적합하면서도 온-라인 확장 기법적용을 위해 확장성이 우수한 데이터 분할기법을 찾는다.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.21-42
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• 2008

This study investigates economies of scale, cost complementarity and economies of scope for healthcare organizations using econometric approaches. The economies of scale appear to exist in each service provided by a hospital such as inpatient treatment services, outpatient treatment services, and other patient treatment services, respectively. When we test all services in aggregate level, it also indicates that the healthcare industry on average exhibits the economies of scale of 6 percent, which implies that scaling up hospital sizes will bring substantial cost savings to them Evidence shows that cost complementarity exists between outpatient services and other services for patients and, i.e., these other services for patients experience the reduction in marginal costs as the outputs of the outpatient services increase. For the economies of scope, they are present in most service areas; aggregate level services, outpatient services, and other services for patients, respectively. Inpatient treatment services, however, do not show any evidence of the economies of scope. Results show that the economies of scope are achieved by the general hospital type that provides all service areas such as inpatient treatments, outpatient treatments, and other services for patients. The existence of the economies of scope provides the rationale for extending the existing line of business in a hospital into more diverse areas of services where its benefit comes in the form of cost savings. In sum, it overall provides evidence that the M&As in this industry are encouraged to achieve cost reductions from the economies of scale and scope by changing the size and the output mix.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.188-188
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• 2011

Recently, scaling down of ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) circuit of CMOS (Complementary Meta Oxide Semiconductor) based electronic devices, the electronic devices, become much faster and smaller size that are promising property of semiconductor market. However, very narrow interconnect line width has some disadvantages. Deposition of conformal and thin barrier is not easy. And metallization process needs deposition of diffusion barrier and glue layer for EP/ELP deposition. Thus, there is not enough space for copper filling process. In order to get over these negative effects, simple process of copper metallization is important. In this study, Cu-V alloy layer was deposited using of DC/RF magnetron sputter deposition system. Cu-V alloy film was deposited on the plane SiO2/Si bi-layer substrate with smooth surface. Cu-V film's thickness was about 50 nm. Cu-V alloy film deposited at $150^{\circ}C$. XRD, AFM, Hall measurement system, and AES were used to analyze this work. For the barrier formation, annealing temperature was 300, 400, $500^{\circ}C$ (1 hour). Barrier thermal stability was tested by I-V(leakage current) and XRD analysis after 300, 500, $700^{\circ}C$ (12 hour) annealing. With this research, over $500^{\circ}C$ annealed barrier has large leakage current. However vanadium-based diffusion barrier annealed at $400^{\circ}C$ has good thermal stability. Therefore thermal stability of vanadium-based diffusion barrier is desirable for copper interconnection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.441-450
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• 2022

The introduction of autonomous underwater gliders (AUGs) specifically addresses the reduction of operational costs that were previously prohibited with conventional autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) using a "scaling-down" design philosophy by utilizing the characteristics of autonomous drifters to far extend operation duration and coverage. Long-duration, wide-area missions raise the cost and complexity of in-water testing for novel approaches to autonomous mission planning. As a result, a simulator that supports the rapid design, development, and testing of autonomy solutions across a wide range using software-in-the-loop simulation at faster-than-real-time speeds becomes critical. This paper describes a faster-than-real-time AUG simulator that can support high-resolution bathymetry for a wide variety of ocean environments, including ocean currents, various sensors, and vehicle dynamics. On top of the de facto standard ROS-Gazebo framework and open-sourced underwater vehicle simulation packages, features specific to AUGs for ocean mapping are developed. For vehicle dynamics, the next-generation hybrid autonomous underwater gliders (Hybrid-AUGs) operate with both the buoyancy engine and the thrusters to improve navigation for bathymetry mappings, e.g., line trajectory, are is implemented since because it can also describe conventional AUGs without the thrusters. The simulation results are validated with experiments while operating at 120 times faster than the real-time.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.483-494
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• 2007

The properties of fracture system on road-cut slopes along the Busan-Ulsan express way under construction are investigated and analyzed. Fracture spacing distributions show log-normal form with extension fractures and negative exponential form with shear fractures. Straight line segments in log-log plots of cumulative fracture length indicate a power-law scaling with exponents of -1.13 in site 1, -1.01 in site 2 and -1.52 in site 3. It is likely that the stability and strength of rock mass are the lowest in site 1 as judged from the analyses of spacing, density and inter-section of fractures in three sites. In contrast, the highest efficiency of the fracture network for conducting fluid flow is seen in site 3 where the largest cluster occupies 73% through the window map. Based on the field survey data, this study modified weighting values of the RMR system using a multiple regression analysis method. The analysis result suggests a modified weighting values of the RMR parameters as follows; 18 for the intact strength of rock; 61 for RQD; 2 for spacing of discontinuities; 2 for the condition of discontinuities; and 17 for ground water.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.67-73
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• 2015

In a distribution of digital image, there is a serious problem that is the image alteration by a forger. For the problem solution, this paper proposes the forensic decision algorithm of a median filtering (MF) image using the feature vector based on a coefficient of variation (c.v.) of Fourier transform. In the proposed algorithm, we compute Fourier transform (FT) coefficients of row and column line respectively of an image first, then c.v. between neighboring lines is computed. Subsquently, 10 Dim. feature vector is defined for the MF detection. On the experiment of MF detection, the proposed scheme is compared to MFR (Median Filter Residual) and Rhee's MF detection schemes that have the same 10 Dim. feature vector both. As a result, the performance is excellent at Unaltered, JPEG (QF=90), Down scaling (0.9) and Up scaling (1.1) images, and it showed good performance at Gaussian filtering ($3{\times}3$) image. However, in the performance evaluation of all measured items of the proposed scheme, AUC (Area Under ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) Curve) by the sensitivity and 1-specificity approached to 1 thus, it is confirmed that the grade of the performance evaluation is rated as 'Excellent (A)'.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.37.2-37.2
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• 2016

There exist scaling relations that link the mass of supermassive black holes with both the velocity dispersion and the mass of the central stellar cusp of their host galaxies. This implies that galaxies co-evolve with their central black holes, potentially through the feedback from actively accreting supermassive black holes (AGN). We use integral field spectroscopy data from the 8.2m Gemini-North telescope to investigate ionized gas outflows in luminous local (z<0.1) Type 2 AGN. Our sample of 6 galaxies was selected based on their [OIII] dust-corrected luminosity (>$10^{42}erg/s$) and signatures of outflows in the [OIII] line profile of their SDSS spectra. These are arguably the best candidates to explore AGN feedback in action since they are < 1% of a large local type 2 AGN SDSS sample selected based on their [OIII] kinematics. Expanding on previously reported results concerning the kinematic decomposition and size determination of these outflows, here we report their photoionization properties and energetics. We find strong evidence that connect the extreme kinematics of the ionized gas with AGN photoionization. The kinematic component related to the AGN-driven outflow is clearly separated from other kinematic components, such as gravitation- or stellar-driven motions, on the velocity and velocity dispersion diagram. Our spatially resolved kinematic analysis reveals that up to 90% of the mass and kinetic energy of the outflow is contained within the central kiloparcec of the galaxy. The total mass and kinetic energy of the outflow correlate well with the AGN bolometric luminosity, resulting in energy conversion efficiencies between 0.01% and 1%. Intriguingly, we detect ubiquitous signs of ongoing circumnuclear star formation. Their small size, the centrally contained mass and energy, and the universally detected circumnuclear star formation cast doubts on the potency of these AGN-driven outflows as agents of negative feedback.