• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.598-606
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• 2010

This study investigated the nutritional quality of soybean meal (SBM) fermented by Aspergillus ($FSBM_A$) and/or followed by Lactobacillus fermentation ($FSBM_{A+L}$). Both fermented products significantly improved protein utilization of SBM with higher trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble true protein content, in vitro protein digestibility and available lysine content, especially in $FSBM_{A+L}$. Moreover, $FSBM_{A+L}$ produced a huge amount of lactic acid resulting in lower pH as compared to the unfermented SBM or soybean protein concentrate (SPC) (p<0.05). $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$ raised 4.14% and 9.04% of essential amino acids and 5.38% and 9.37% of non-essential amino acids content, respectively. The ${\alpha}$-galactoside linkage oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose content in $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$ decreased significantly. The results of soluble protein fractions and distribution showed that the ratio of small protein fractions (<16 kDa) were 42.6% and 63.5% for $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$, respectively, as compared to 7.2% for SBM, where the ratio of large size fractions (>55 kDa, mainly ${\beta}$-conglycinin) decreased to 9.4%, 5.4% and increased to 38.8%, respectively. There were no significant differences in ileal protein digestibility regardless of treatment groups. SPC inclusion in the diet showed a better protein digestibility than the SBM diet. In summary, soybean meal fermented by Aspergillus, especially through the consequent Lactobacillus fermentation, could increase the nutritional value as compared with unfermented SBM and is compatible with SPC.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.397-400
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• 2010

The activities of mannanase, ${\beta}$-mannosidase, and ${\alpha}$-galactosidase were detected in culture filtrate of Paenibacillus woosongensis showing mannanolytic activity for locust bean gum. Optimal conditions occurred at pH 5.5 and $60^{\circ}C$ for mannanase toward locust bean gum, pH 6.5 and $50^{\circ}C$ for ${\beta}$-mannosidase toward para-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-mannopyranoside, and pH 6.0-6.5 and $50^{\circ}C$ for ${\alpha}$-galactosidase toward para-nitrophenyl-${\alpha}$-D-galactopyranoside in the culture filtrate, respectively. The mannanolytic enzyme of culture filtrate hydrolyzed mannobiose as well as manno-oligosaccharides including mannotriose, mannotetraose, mannopentaose and mannohexaose. It could also hydrolyze ${\alpha}$-1,6 linked galacto-oligosaccharides such as melibiose, raffinose and stachyose to liberate galactose residue. From these results, it is assumed that P. woosongensis produces three enzymes required for the complete decomposition of galactomannan.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 2008

Fermented soybeans contain microorganisms, diverse enzymes, and bioactive compounds. Few studies on cellulase in Chungkookjang exist. Oligosaccharides play diverse roles of bioactivity. Through Congo red test and activity staining, it was confirmed that the enzyme solution contained cellulase. Optimal pH and temperature of the cellulase produced by Bacillus licheniformis B1 were 10 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. Through TLC analysis, it was demonstrated that the enzyme solution degraded carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), whose main products contained dimer and trimer oligosaccharides. Cellulase activity of barley-Chungkookjnag fermented by the strain increased, compared with that of Chungkookjang. The cellulase was found to be a ${\beta}$-1,4-glucanase through the analysis of the cloned gene, showing polymorphism at 32 amino acid sites in the coding range of amino acid 10 and 460.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 2008

The 3T3-L1 cell line is a well-established and commonly used in vitro model to assess adipocyte differentiation. Over the course of several days, confluent 3T3-L1 cells can be converted to adipocytes in the presence of an adipogenic cocktail. In this study, the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (CO) on adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells were studied. The CO significantly decreased lipid accumulation, a marker of adipogenesis, in a dose-dependent manner. The low molecular mass CO (1-3 kDa) were the most effective at inhibiting adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of both CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) ${\alpha}$ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ${\gamma}$, the key adipogenic transcription factors, were markedly decreased by CO treatments. CO also significantly down regulated adipogenic marker proteins such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. Our results suggest a role for CO as antiobesity agents by inhibiting adipocyte differentiation mediated through the down regulated expression of adipogenic transcription factors and other specific genes.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.146-152
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• 1999

Acceplor reaction of glucosyltr~ansferase of Streptococcus ,SO~~-~IZLIS with f ~ ~ t o ~ y l o l i g o ~ a ~ ~ h a r i d e ~ was studied for the biosynthesis of novel olgisaccharides. First, bacilracin resistant mutants were selected by mutagenesis of Streptococcus sobrimis ATCC27351. Among these mutants 4 strains were selected by resistance to bacitracin and increase of glucosyltransferase. Acceptor reaction of maltose was analyzed by TLC and image analysis. There were differences in the specificity of the acceptor reaclion by Ule glucosylumsferase between mother strain (Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC2735) and bacitracin resistant mutants (Streptococcus sobrinus BR24C, Strepfococcus sobrinus CH-5). Molher strain did ilot show an acceptor reaction with fructosyloligosaccharides such as 1-keqtose and nystose. Acceptor reaction products of turailose and 1-kestose with glucosyltransferase (GW-S) of Streptococcus sobrini~s BR24C were TEX>\6^{3}$-$\alpha$-D-glucopyranosyl \3^{2}$-O-$\alpha$-D-fructose (glucose-fructose-glucose) and \6^{4}$-$\alpha$-D-glucopyranosyl \1^{3}$-$\beta$-D-~-h~ctofuranos~~ sucrose (glucose-glucosefructose- fructose). respectively These are novel oligosaccharides which can be produced only by enzymatic reaction.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.100-104
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• 2012

Oligosaccharides production showed various biological activities in vivo like functional foods and industrial materials utilized available within many practical applications which have obtained from the degradation of alginate. Alginate is rich in the main component of seaweeds especially the brown algae. We investigated what degrading alginate from seaweeds to make alginate oligosaccharides can utilize in various fields using enzyme secreting Erwinia tasmaniensis. In this study, we observed an optimal culture condition of E. tasmaniensis, and characteristics of alginate lyase secreting E. tasmaniensis. These bacteria, E. tasmaniensis, were isolated from Nuruk. In this case, a suitable growth factor for E. tasmaniensis was culture it for 36 h in broth media on concentration of 1.0% (w/v) alginate. The enzyme showed the highest level of alginate lyase activity when cultured on broth media containing 1.0% (w/v) sodium alginate for 72 h. Optimal condition of pH, temperature and duration time for alginate lyase activity were found to be pH 6.0, $20^{\circ}C$ and 60 min, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.304-311
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• 2020

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotics that have a beneficial effect on human health by promoting the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut, in addition to having various applications in the food industry. GOS are generally produced from lactose in a reaction catalyzed by β-galactosidase. Synthesis of GOS from whey permeate (WP) (ultrafiltration of whey, concentrated then spray dried) using surface engineered β-galactosidase in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) is a novel method to convert waste into a valuable product. Cell-surface display is the expression of peptides and proteins on the surface of living cells by fusing them to functional components of cells. Surface engineered cells have many potential uses. The Flo1p flocculation functional domain, thought to be located near the N terminus, recognizes and adheres non-covalently to cell-wall components such as α-mannan carbohydrates, causing reversible aggregation of cells into flocs.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.102-109
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• 1997

The structures of novel branched oligosaccharides synthesized by the acceptor reaction with dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteriodes M-12 were proposed in accordance with the results obtained from enzymatic hydrolyses and a partial acid hydrolysis. The structure of branched oligosaccharide B4 was shown to be 62-O-$\alpha$-D-kojibiosylmaltose. Branched oligosaccharide B5 was shown to be 63-O-$\alpha$-D-kojibiosylpanose. By reacting the acceptor reaction products with endodextranase a novel branched oligosaccharide (D4) could be produced. D4 was derived from the result of endodextranase hydrolysis of oligosaccarides synthesized by the second acceptor reaction with dextransucrase and was resistant to endodextranase and glucoamylase. The proposed structure of D4 was 62-O-$\alpha$-D-kojibiosylisomaltose. Formation pattern of the acceptor reaction products smaller than d.p. 6 with linear or branched linkage was also shown.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 2011

A bacterial strain capable of hydrolyzing xylan and locust bean gum (LBG) was isolated from farm soil by enrichment culture using mixture of palm kernel meal (PKM) and wheat bran as carbon source. Nucleotide sequence of 16S rDNA amplified from the isolate YB-1107 showed high similarity with those of genus Cellulosimicrobium strains. Xylanase productivity was increased when the Cellulosimicrobium sp. YB-1107 was grown in the presence of wheat bran or oat spelt xylan, while mannanase productivity was increased drastically when grown in the presence of PKM or LBG. Particularly, maximum mannanase and xylanase activities were obtained in the culture filtrate of media containing 0.7% PKM or 1% wheat bran, respectively. Both enzyme activities were produced at stationary growth phase. Mannanase from the culture filtrate showed the highest activity at $55^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.5. Xylanase activity was optimal at $65^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5. The predominant products resulting from the mannanase or xylanase hydrolysis were oligosaccharides for LBG or xylan, respectively. In addition, the enzymes could hydrolyze wheat bran and rice bran into oligosaccharides.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.705-711
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• 1998

The digestibility of xylooligosaccharide(XO) by juices of the digestive tract and retardation effect of XO on the adsorption of bile acids were compared with fructooligosaccharide(FO) and isomaltooligosaccharide(IO). In vitro digestion experiments showed that any hydrolyzed products of FO, IO and XO were not detected by HPLC after reaction with saliva, pancreatic, artifical intesteinal, and large intestinal luices, and artifical sera for 4 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$. However, IO were mostly digested by the small intestinal juice, and some quantity of FO were digested. XO were not digested at all by any enzyme of digestive tract. In order to investigate retardation effect of XO on the bile acid absorption. In vitro, permeability of bile acid against dialysis membrane was determined in the mixture which contained guar gum instead of XO was set 100%. The premeability of bile acid showed about 50% in the FO and IO mixture and 43% in the XO mixture. The activity of lactase in FO group and activity of sucrase and maltase in XO group in rat small intestinal mucosa were significantly decreased. Consequently, the present results indicate that XO is indigestible in digestive tract and has retarding effect of adsorption of bile acid compared with the other oligosaccharides. The disaccharidase activity of the XO dietary group was lower than that of the other oligosaccharides dietary group. Furthermore, it was suggested that hydrolysis of sugar may be retarded in digestive tract and glucose level in blood may be controlled effectively by the XO.