• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.433-442
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• 2010

Purpose: Many authors reported about the posttraumatic nasal aesthetic complications. However, the studies for functional or intranasal complications are not enough yet. We identified relatively high prevalence of nasal obstruction and olfactory dysfunction in nasal synechiae, and the synechiae formation was a frequently occurred after the nasal bone reduction. And then, the aim of this study is to identify the usefulness of the treatment of intranasal synechiae. Methods: We reviewed the data from 10 patients with symptomatic intranasal synechiae from June 2007 to June 2009. We enforced evaluation with preoperative CT in all patients but postoperative CT within complicated patients. We studied 10 patients with intranasal synechiae who had persistence postoperative symptoms. We studied the patients who were operated by removal of synechiae and ancillary surgical treatments in the last two years. Results: In the previous report, the incidence of intranasal synechiae was 15% (n=62) and symptomatic synechiae was 16% (10/62). We classified the nasal bone fracture according to Stranc classification. In this paper, the incidence of treated intranasal synechiae was 13% (2/15) in Frontal Impact (FI) Type I, 11% (2/18) in FI Type II, 100% (2/2) in FI Type III, 0% (0/2) in Lateral Impact (LI) Type I, 25% (3/12) in LI Type II, and 33% (1/3) in LI Type III, respectively. After removal of synechiae, all patients improved nasal obstruction and little improved olfactory disturbance. Conclusion: Simple removal of synechiae by scissors improved postoperative symptoms and complications such as nasal obstruction and olfactory dysfunction. After removal of synechiae, all patients improved nasal obstruction, however, little improved anosmia. So, we thought that olfactory dysfunction may result in many intranasal factors. First of all, education of delicate procedure regarding this subject should be empathized accordingly.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.292-298
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• 2021

Olfactory receptors (OR) are primarily responsible for the detection of odorant molecules. We previously demonstrated that OR7D4, an OR for androstenone, is expressed in the vomeronasal organ and olfactory epithelium tissue of stallions. Recently, the expression of OR1I1 in the human testes was reported and the possible roles of OR1I1 in the testicular cells were suggested. The objectives of this study were 1) to explore the expression of OR7D4 and OR1I1 in stallion testes, and 2) to define the specific localization of OR7D4 and OR1I1 in the testicular tissues. Stallion testicular tissue samples were used for this study. Western blot was performed to confirm the cross-reactivity of OR7D4 and OR1I1 antibody with stallion testicular tissue samples. OR7D4 and OR1I1 gene expressions were investigated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stallion testes. Immunofluorescence was performed to investigate the expression of OR7D4 and OR1I1 in stallion testicular tissues. The protein bands for OR7D4 and OR1I1 from the testes were observed at approximately 38 kDa and 43 kDa, respectively. The mRNA of OR7D4 and OR1I1 were detected in stallion testes. Immunolabeling of OR7D4 and OR1I1 in the cytoplasm of both spermatogonia and Leydig cells was observed. In conclusion, androstenone and another odorant chemical, which is recognized by OR1I1, may play an important role in stallion testes.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2008

Astrocyte ion channels participate in ionic homeostasis in the brain. Inward rectifying potassium channels (Kir channels) in astrocytes have been particularly implicated in $K^+$ homeostasis because of their high open probability at resting potential and their increased conductance at high concentrations of extracellular $K^+$. We examined the expression of the Kir2.1 subunit, one of the Kir channel subunits, in the mouse brain by immunohistochemistry. Kir2.1 channels were widely distributed throughout the brain, with high expression in the olfactory bulb and the cerebellum. Interestingly, they were abundantly expressed in astrocytes of the olfactory bulb, while astrocytes in other brain regions including the hippocampus did not show any detectable expression. However, Kir2.1 channel-expressing cells were dramatically increased in the hippocampus by kainic acid-induced seizure and the cells were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive, which confirms that astrocytes in the hippocampus express Kir2.1 channels under pathological conditions. Our results imply that Kir2.1 channels in astrocyte may be involved in buffering $K^+$ against accumulated extracellular $K^+$ caused by neuronal hyperexcitability under phathophysiological conditions.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.31 no.B
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• pp.45-50
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• 2011

Recently, machine olfactory systems that have been proposed as an artificial substitute of the human olfactory system are being studied by many researchers because they can scent dangerous gases and identify the type of gases in contamination areas instead of the human. In this paper, we present an effective design method for the gas identification system. The design method adopted the sequential combination between genetic algorithms and TSK fuzzy logic system. First, the proposed method allowed the designed gas identification system effectively performing the pattern analysis because it was able to avoid the curse of dimensionality caused by use of a large number of sensors. Secondly, the method led the gas identification system to good performance because it was able to deal with drift characteristics of the sensor data by using description ability of the fuzzy system for nonlinear data. In simulation, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the designed gas identification system by using the simulation results of five types of gases.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2020

Quantitative evaluation of the sense of smell is done by the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) test. OERP consists of N1, P1, N2, P2, and P3, of which N1 and P1 latency are known to be affected by the concentration of odor stimuli associated with the pre-sensory phase and P2 and P3 are the stages at which odors are perceived and are known to change by subjective evaluation of the stimulus. The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation between the expression of OERP and the subjective evaluation of the object on the fragrance stimulus using various fragrances. Therefore, the study examined the relative waveform power ratio, preference for each scent stimulus, and finally the amplitude and latency change of the components of OERP, N1 and P2. In contrast, it was found that the late P2 response waveform was an effective aroma stimulus recognition waveform in OERP compared to the initial response waveforms.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.61 no.8
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• pp.1164-1171
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• 2012

Recently, machine olfactory systems as an artificial substitute of the human olfactory system are being studied actively because they can scent dangerous gases and identify the type of gases in contamination areas instead of the human. In this paper, we present an effective design method for the gas identification system. Even though dimensionality reduction is the very important part, in pattern analysis, We handled effectively the dimensionality reduction by grouping the sensors of which the measured patterns are similar each other, where genetic algorithms were used for combination optimization. To identify the gas type, we constructed the hierarchical rule base with two frames by using rough set theory. The first frame is to accept measurement characteristics of each sensor and the other one is to reflect the identification patterns of each group. Thus, the proposed methods was able to accomplish effectively dimensionality reduction as well as accurate gas identification. In simulation, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methods by identifying five types of gases.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.154-157
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• 2007

Background: Anosmia can be frustrating for both the patient and physician, with no clear treatment. We prospectively investigated the effects of stellate ganglion block (SGB) in anosmic patients who were unresponsive to conventional steroid therapy. Methods: Thirteen patients with anosmia were treated with SGB. To evaluate the improvement in olfactory function, we evaluated both changes in subjective symptoms and the butanol threshold test. The number of SGB required for improvement in olfactory function was counted. Results: Seven patients (54%) showed improvement of olfactory function with SGB. The average number of SGB for the first response was $7.4{\pm}5.9times$. Conclusions: These results suggest that SGB may be a good treatment modality for patients with anosmia unresponsive to steroid therapy.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.1275-1282
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• 2007

With the rapid spread of smart mobile products and practical use of wireless network, it became possible to offer the computing environment people can use anytime anywhere and it is predicted that portable computer as the next generation computing is to be put to practical use. This computer will be expected to have the new interface which provides realistic service through human's five senses as well as the interface through the visual and auditory senses. Accordingly, in this study, we are going to talk about the technology that expresses and reproduces what is based on olfactory information - closely related with memory among honan's five senses - in order to embody the lifelike user interface.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.49-54
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• 2020

The morphometry and morphology of the olfactory organ of the southern king spine loach Iksookimia hugowolfeldi were investigated by stereo microscopy and statistical analysis. Its external morphology consists of two holes, the anterior and posterior nostrils. The anterior nostril (0.35~0.53 mm in diameter) forms tubular process protruding vertically from each side of the snout. The posterior nostril (0.32~0.68 mm in major diameter) is a eye-like hole parallel to the skin. Internally, the rosette structure is set with 14 to 21 lamellae and medium raphe on the inner floor. In morphometry, its lamellar number (male vs. female; 18±1.8 vs. 17±1.6, P<0.05) and lamellar number to standard length ratio (24.2±1.3% vs. 21.7±2.5%, P<0.05) was larger in male than female. The lamellar number and standard length have high correlation in male (P<0.001) but not in female (P=0.170). It seems that such characteristics of the olfactory organ of I. hugowolfeldi are related to its bottom-dwelling life which digs and takes a rest under sand and sexual dimorphism by a distinct degree in olfactory dependence for reproduction of each sex.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2020

Purpose: Symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) include tremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity. The purpose was to explore the effects of breathing, meditation and qigong on the improving of insight, behavior, mood discomfort, depression, anxiety, and olfactory dysfunction, which are PD non-motor symptoms. Methods: Three stages of An's-4444 healing breathing, An's Gwanjeong healing meditation, and healing qigong performed 12 times for 80 minutes at a time in subjects with PD (11 patients), and pre- and post-measurements compared and evaluated. Results: The Integrated Parkinson's Rating Scale (UPDRSI) for mood discomfort after 12 healings was 69%. The Depression Scale (61%) for HAMD, and 64% for Anxiety (HAMA)), and the smell identification test (TSI) for a trial for olfactory dysfunction, improved to 82%, respectively. However, the numerical values after one month after 12 healing were almost same in all four scales. This means that the healing effect maintained until after one month. Conclusions: An's healing breathing, meditation and qigong therapy significantly improved insight, behavior, and mood discomfort, and non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and olfactory dysfunction. These results suggest that An's breathing, meditation and qigong therapy are valuable as a primary therapy to improve and heal non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients. Further research in biomedical science is needed.