• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1583-1591
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• 2015

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation. Ten rumen and duodenal fistulated Nellore steers (268 body weight${\pm}27kg$) were distributed in a duplicated $5{\times}5$ Latin square. Dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The roughage feed was corn silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The higher intake of DM and organic matter (OM) (p<0.001) was found in animals on the diet with PF and WF (around 4.38 and 4.20 kg/d, respectively). Treatments with PO and LO decreased by around 10% the total digestibility of DM and OM (p<0.05). The addition of LO decreased by around 22.3% the neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.047) compared with other diets. The higher microbial protein synthesis was found in animals on the diet with LO and WS (33 g N/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen; p = 0.040). The highest C18:0 and linolenic acid intakes occurred in animals fed LO (p<0.001), and the highest intake of oleic (p = 0.002) and C16 acids (p = 0.022) occurred with the diets with LO and PF. Diet with PF decreased biohydrogenation extent (p = 0.05) of C18:1 n9,c, C18:2 n6,c, and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA; around 20%, 7%, and 13%, respectively). The diet with PF and WF increased the concentration of $NH_3-N$ (p<0.001); however, the diet did not change volatile fatty acids (p>0.05), such as the molar percentage of acetate, propionate, butyrate and the acetate:propionate ratio. Treatments PO, LO and with WS decreased by around 50% the concentration of protozoa (p<0.001). Diets with some type of protection (PF and WS) decreased the effects of lipid on ruminal fermentation and presented similar outflow of benefit UFA as LO.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1162-1167
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• 2008

This study was to investigate the chemical compositions of germinated (GSS)- and ungerminated (UGSS)-safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds. GSS had higher amount of sugar and crude fiber than UGSS, but less amounts of protein and lipid. Levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol and essential amino acids of GSS were higher than those of UGSS, although there are no difference in fatty acid composition between GSS and UGSS. Among the nine phenolic compounds detected, five phenolic compounds, except for two lignans and two flavonoids, were found in both GSS and UGSS. Four serotonin derivatives accounted for about 80 per cent of total phenolic compounds, and levels of five phenolic compounds decreased slightly with germination. These results suggest that germination may enhance the functionality of safflower seed by increasing nutritional compositions and by decreasing phenolic compounds with bitter taste and cathartic effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.794-800
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• 1993

A lipid producing yeast was screened from leaves of Albabiscus and was identified as a Rhodotorula graminis SW 214. During the shakining incubation of 8 days at $25^{\circ}C$, the yeast produced extracellular lipids of 7.3g/l of the media. The relative concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources in the media influenced the extracellular lipid production greatly. When with nitrogen sources in the media were almost exhausted for growth of the yeast the sufficient carbon sources, the lipid production proceeded vigorously. Eight days of batch cultivation with 8% glucose, 2.5g/l of yeast extract, $KH_{2}PO_{4}(1g/l)\;MgSO_{4}\;(0.2g/l)$ and pH 6 gave maximum biomass and extracellular lipid production of 8.05g/l and 8.89g/l, respectively. The acid value, saponificatio value, the iodine value, ad the unsaponifiable matter of the extracellular lipids of Rhodotorula graminis SW 214 were 2.6, 534, 5.1 and 2.4, respectively. Lipid was constituted 75.2% triglyceride, 5.9% free fatty acid, 10.8% phospholipid, 4.9% esterified sterol and 3.3% free sterol. Major fatty acids found were 3-hydroxypentadecanoate, 3-hydroxyhexadecanate, trans-9-octadecanate, cis-9-hexadecanate (hydroxy palmitic), 15-methylhexadecanate (oleic), 18-methylno-nadecanate, octadecanate (stearic) and 3-hydroxytridecante.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1318-1323
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• 2008

Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a completely new feed ingredient in the Korean feed market. There is an ever increasing need for the Korean feed industry to import and make the best of it as a high protein and high energy feed ingredient. A layer feeding trial was conducted for 10 weeks to investigate the effects of addition of light-colored DDGS to layer diets on laying performance, egg qualities and yolk fatty acid composition. Also, the economics of using DDGS in the Korean situation was analyzed. Nine hundred Hy-line Brown layers, 24 weeks of age, were employed in a feeding trial consisting of four dietary treatments (0, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS), and five replicates per treatment. All experimental diets were prepared as iso-protein (17%) and iso-calorie (TMEn 2,780 kcal/kg). The use of DDGS up to 20% in layer diets did not exert any influence on feed intake, laying rate, total egg mass, mean egg weight and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). The color and breaking strength of eggshell, as well as the albumin height and Haugh unit were not affected by the addition of DDGS up to 20% in the diet. The yolk color was significantly increased by DDGS supplementation (p<0.05). As the DDGS level increased, the oleic acid content decreased, and the linoleic acid increased (p<0.05) in egg yolk. The degree of saturation of yolk fatty acids was not affected by DDGS supplementation. The inclusion of light-colored DDGS up to 20% in layer diets resulted in a decrease of feed cost per kg without any undesirable effect on laying performance. In conclusion, the light-colored DDGS (L* 56.65) could be used up to 20% in layer diets without any harmful effect on laying performance, and possibly provide economic benefits to the Korean poultry industry.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.591-600
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• 2013

This study investigated the changes in the nutraceutical lipid components of brown rice oil after germination. Four different high-yielding cultivars (Dasan1, Segyejinmi, Hanareum1 and Hanareum2) of Korean brown rice were selected and brown rice oil was extracted from each cultivar before and after germination. Free fatty acid, squalene, policosanols, and isomers of phytosterol were analyzed using GC, and isomers of tocols (tocopherol and tocotrienol) and ${\gamma}$-oryzanol were quantified using HPLC from both brown rice oil (BRO) and germinated brown rice oil (GBRO). The contents of phytosterol isomers, campesterol, stigmasterol, and ${\beta}$-sitosterol were increased by 8.3%, 31.6%, 3.3% in GBRO, respectively. Furthermore, the squalene content showed the highest increase of up to 2.4 fold in GBRO compared to BRO. In addition, linoleic and linolenic acid composition increased whereas oleic and palmitic acid decreased in the GRBO. However, the contents of tocols (tocopherol and tocotrienol) in GBRO were lower than those in BRO, and there was no significant difference in policosanol and ${\gamma}$-oryzanol between GBRO and BRO. These results suggest that GBRO has the potential as a healthy and functional source due to its lipid profile on improved lipid metabolism.

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 1998

본 기사에서는 기존 구조물의 구조를 변경하여 사용하는 경우 구조물 축소모형시험과 수치해석을 이용하여 안전도를 합리적으로 평가하는 절차에 관하여 지하철 정차장 구조물을 예로하여 살펴보았다. 구조물의 안전도를 평가하기 위한 구조물 축소모형 시험에서는 원형구조물의 실제 거동을 나타내는 모형의 제작이 가장 중요한 사항이다. 이를 위해서 적절한 상사율을 가지는 구조재료의 선정, 합리적인 경계조건의 설정, 실제하중을 고려한 재하방법 등을 결정하여야 한다. 구조재료의 선정과 모형의 축소율은 모형구조의 거동이 탄성범위 내인가 또는 극한거동인가에 따라 결정되는 것이 일반적이다. 안전도 평가를 위한 모형구조물의 제작과정에서는 원형구조물 거동을 수치해석을 통하여 예측하는 과정이 필요하며 이러한 사전해석(pre-analysis)을 통하여 구조물의 개략적인 거동과 측정항목을 정하며, 또한 합리적인 재하방법을 결정하게 된다. 모형구조물에 대한 재하시험을 통하여 원형구조물의 거동을 상사비를 적용하여 바로 예측할 수 있으나 재하하시험후 측정된 사항에 대하여는 모형구조물에 대한 사후해석(post-analysis)를 수행하여 측정값과 비교 검토하여 거동의 일치성을 입증하는 것이 일반적이다. 이런 과정을 거쳐 검증된 수치해석모델을 이용하여 실험에서 고려하지 않은 여러가지 하중조건에 수치적으로 검토할 수 있으며, 이를 이용하여 안전도검토와 적절한 대책을 수립할 수 있게 된다. 사전해석-모형시험-사후해석의 절차에 따른 구조물의 모형실험의 사례는 미국과 유럽에서 찾아볼 수 있으며 이를 통하여 수치해석기법의 발전이 이루어지고 있다. 현재까지 우리나라에서는 구조물 모형실험에 관련된 연구가 활발하지 못한 편이며, 상대적으로 경험이 적게 축적되어 있는 실정이다. 그러나 수치해석기법의 발전과 실제구조물의 안전도를 합리적으로 파악하기 위해서는 구조물모형 실험이 필수적이며 앞으로 연구가 활발히 이루어져야 할 분야로 사료된다.leic acid와 palmitic acid가 주요 지방산이었으나 싸리버섯은 중성지질에서 oleic acid의 함량이 높았다.n the part of special landscape management area, it is necessary to introduce landscape impact assessment system to more effective landscape management.ch served as supporting organizations. The control of the construction and management of the royal garden and landscape was held by decision makers, executors of works and management. 2) The general process of the construction and management of the royal garden and landscape included Sangji and Kyuho다 as the first step; In case of buildings and facilities, according to former examples and drawings, the most of the planning and design was already fixed. In the case of landscape, those things aimed at construction according to the existing lie of the land. The works in the 2nd step; This process was divided into the construction of facilities and planting. In case of construction of facilities, those works were done by Togam and

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2010

Emission from biomass combustion such as meat charbroiling is an important source of organic aerosol. Since source profiles are necessary input profiles for source apportionment of aerosol by a chemical mass balance model, meat cooking organic source profiles are developed by measuring organic marker compounds, including palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and cholesterol as well as PAH compounds. Emissions from meat and pork charbroiling are collected on quartz filters with a PM10-high volume sampler, extracted with organic solvents, derivatized with diazomethane/TMS and analyzed by GC/MS isotope dilution method. Organic and elemental carbon are also analyzed by an OCEC analyzer. Wt.% of cholesterol to the organic carbon(OC) content from beef and pork charbroiling is only 0.056 and 0.062, but wt. % of all saturated fatty acids to the OC content from beef and pork charbroiling is 2.727 and 2.022, and the wt% of all unsaturated fatty acids to the OC content is 0.278 and 0.438, respectively. Content of total PAH compounds to the OC content from beef charbroiling is higher than that from pork charbroiling, and those are 0.116 wt% and 0.044 wt%. Among PAH compounds benzo(a)pyrene as a single compound is account for 0.0071 wt% and 0.0023 wt% of OC content from beef and pork charbroiling. Ratios of marker compound to cholesterol are calculated, and those values are in good agreement with the values already reported at the food cooking emission, indicating that they can be used as organic source profiles for the apportionment of organic aerosol.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.672-677
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• 2001

There was an outbreak of food poisoning due to eating well-cooked imported tropical fish, Stromateus stellatus on May, 2000, in Korea. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea ($92\%$), nausea ($77\%$), abdominal pain ($54\%$), vomiting ($46\%$) and headache ($23\%$) were experienced within $0.5\~2$ hours (median 1 hour) after eating, Any specific natural toxins were not confirmed concerned to those poisoning, but large amount of abnormal lipid ($23\%$) was found from the muscle such as 1-O-diacyl glyceryl ethers (DAGE), which was consisted of $61.8\%$ of total lipid. The 16:0 ($66.3\%$) and 18:1 ($15.8\%$) alkyl chains were dominant in all alkyl chains of DAGE which were presumed as the causative agent for the diarrheal food poisoning. O1eic acid (18:1) was found as a major fatty acid at the sn-2 or 3 in DAGEs. O-16:0-18:1-18:1 ($16.2\%$),O-16:0-18:1-22:1 ($14.7\%$) and O-18:0-18:1-22:1 ($11.0\%$) were contained as the major molecular species of DAGEs by RI-HPLC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on HMG-CoA reductase activity and lipid composition of liver in rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10 g were randomly divided into groups of one normal diet, and four high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol (1%) diet groups were classified into xylooligosaccharides free diet (C group), 5% xylooligosaccharides diet (C5XO group), 10% xylooligosaccharides diet (C10XO group), and 15% xylooligosaccharides diet (C15XO grcup) according to the levels of dietary xylooligosaccharides supplementation. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for 4 weeks. The hepatic lipid contents, cholesterol and triglycerides in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups were significantly lower than those of C group. An antithrombGsis index, a ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids of liver was significantly increased in 10% xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups compared to that of C group. The activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups was more significantly increased than in C group. These results suggest that dietary xylooligosaccharide may be act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber to improve lipids metabolism in rat fed high cholesterol diet.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2000

This experiment was performed to study of Gagambipachungpe-Eum extract solution's effects on acne. Anti-inflammatory edema, anti-histamine, vascular permeability, acne by induced oleic acid, ileum contraction of mice and guinea-pig was measured by oral administration, topical application or both of the sample to the acne of the experimental animals. Dose of samples were taken by 500 and 1,500mg/dl at the experiments. The results were as follows. 1. Gagambipachungpe-Eum on rat hind paw edema induced by $0.5\%$ Carrageenin have statistically significant effects on anti-inflammatory edema at 2, 3(p<0.05) and 4 hours(p<0.01) of the high density 1500mg/kg - oral administration group as compared with sample group. 2. Gagambipachungpe-Eum on rat hind paw edema induced by $1.0\%$ Dextran have statistically significant effects on anti-inflammatory edema at 2 and 4 hours of the high density 1,500mg/kg oral administration group as compared with sample group(p<0.05). 3. Gagambipachungpe-Eum on mouse hind paw edema induced by $1.2\%$% Histamine have statistically significant effects on anti-inflammatory edema at 30, 60 and 90 minutes of the high density 1500mg/kg - oral administration group as compared with sample group(p<0.05). 4. Only high density 1,500mg/kg - oral administration group of Gagambipachungpe-Eum as compared with sample group have significant effects on increased vascular permeability induced by histamine, picryl chloride induced contact dermatitis(p<0.01) and writhing syndrome induced by $0.7\%$ acetic acid(p<0.05) in mice. 5. All of the sample groups, Sample-Ⅰ(orally administered), Sample-Ⅱ(topically administered 500mg/kg), Sample-Ⅲ(topically administered 1,500mg/kg), Sample-Ⅳ(administered simultaneous orally and topically) on acne induced by o1eic acid in rabbit ears has the significant recovery on induced acne after 14 days 6. Gagambipachungpe-Eum have the effects on the motility of the isolated mice ileum, on the contraction induced by acetylcholine chloride and barium chloride in the isolated mice ileum and on the contraction induced by acetylcholine chloride, barium chloride and histamine in the isolated Guinea-pig ileum. According to the about results, it is expected Gagambipachungpe-Eum could be applicable to the treatment of acne.