• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.69-84
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• 2023

This paper proposes a novel frame element on Winkler-Pasternak foundation for analysis of a non-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) member resting on foundation. These structural members represent flexural-shear critical members, which are commonly found in existing buildings designed and constructed with the old seismic design standards (inadequately detailed transverse reinforcement). As a result, these structures always experience shear failure or flexure-shear failure under seismic loading. To predict the characteristics of these non-ductile structures, efficient numerical models are required. Therefore, the novel frame element on Winkler-Pasternak foundation with inclusion of the shear-flexure interaction effect is developed in this study. The proposed model is derived within the framework of a displacement-based formulation and fiber section model under Timoshenko beam theory. Uniaxial nonlinear material constitutive models are employed to represent the characteristics of non-ductile RC frame and the underlying foundation. The shear-flexure interaction effect is expressed within the shear constitutive model based on the UCSD shear-strength model as demonstrated in this paper. From several features of the presented model, the proposed model is simple but able to capture several salient characteristics of the non-ductile RC frame resting on foundation, such as failure behavior, soil-structure interaction, and shear-flexure interaction. This confirms through two numerical simulations.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권3D호
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• pp.445-451
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• 2006

본 연구는 노후 콘크리트 포장의 아스팔트 덧씌우기에서 발생하는 반사균열을 억제하기 위한 방안으로 노후 콘크리트와 아스팔트 표층 사이에 응력을 흡수할 수 있는 중간층 혼합물을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 고탄성 응력흡수층은 휨 변형과 수평변형으로 인하여 발생하는 균열응력을 흡수 또는 분산 시킬 수 있는 탄성과 유연성, 균일성 및 불투수성이 요구된다. 본 연구로부터 국외제품을 모델로 국산 바인더를 개발 하였으며 이를 사용하여 제작된 혼합물 시편은 시방규격에 만족하였다. 기존 덧씌우기 공법과 비교한 시험으로부터 고탄성 응력흡수 중간층이 설치된 경우 설치되지 않은 경우에 비하여 전단파괴수명과 수평변위저항도는 약 4배가 증가되었으며 표층재료의 선정에 따라 전단파괴수명은 5배, 수평변위저항도는 9배가 증가되어 고탄성 응력흡수 중간층이 반사균열 억제에 우수한 것으로 본 연구에 나타났다.

• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
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• 제42권
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• pp.69-91
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• 2015

본고는 남성의 이상적인 삶을 표방한 두 편의 사설시조가 후대에 지속적으로 향유되면서 다양하게 변주된 양상을 검토하고 그 의미를 살펴보는 데 목적을 두었다. 노랫말의 변주가 수용자의 다양한 반응과 요구에 기인한 것이라 할 때, 그 변주의 양상을 살펴봄으로써 후대에 이상적 삶에 대해 어떻게 반응하고 욕망과 현실 사이의 갈등 속에서 삶의 지향점이 어떻게 설정되는지 탐색할 수 있으리라 보았다. 우선 논의의 중심이 되는 두 작품은 <남아의 소년행락~>이라는 작자미상의 사설시조(<1>)와 <대장부 공성신퇴후하야~>라는 이정보의 사설시조(<2>)이다. 전자가 남성들이 욕망하는 이상적 삶을 일대기 형식으로 형상화한 작품이라면, 후자는 치사 이후에 물질적 풍요를 근거로 한 여유롭고 풍류적인 삶을 보여 주는 작품이다. 이 두 작품이 후대에 변주된 양상을 보면 첫 번째로 호기롭고 유락적인 삶이 강조된 경우를 들 수 있다. 이는 <1>과 <2>의 노랫말을 적절히 결합하여 유락적 성격을 강조한 작품(<3>)과, <2>의 시상을 그대로 수용하면서도 '공성신퇴'라는 어휘를 배제한 채 유락적 삶의 모습을 강조하면서 '나'라는 주체를 부각시킨 작품(<4>)을 통해 확인할 수 있다. 두 번째는 부귀공명의 불가능성을 인식하고 대안적 삶에 대한 소신을 드러낸 경우이다. 이는 작품 <5>에서 확인할 수 있는데, 외부 세계와의 부조화 속에 욕망과 현실 사이의 갈등이 내재되어 있는 점이 <3>, <4>와 다르다. 세 번째는 세속적 출세의 욕망에서 벗어나 행복한 노년에 대한 관심을 표출한 경우이다. 여기에는 부귀공명의 욕망을 초탈하고 자발적으로 자연에 돌아와 노년을 보내면서 깊은 내면의 성찰을 보여준 작품(<9>)이 있는가 하면, 부귀공명의 욕망에서는 벗어난 듯하면서도 여전히 여색이나 장수의 욕망을 강하게 부각시킨 작품(<10>)도 확인된다. 이러한 노랫말의 변주 양상이 갖는 의미를 살펴보면, 첫 번째 변주 양상은 우선 유흥공간의 간섭의 결과로 해석해 볼 수 있다. 즉 유흥공간의 분위기에 요구되는 노랫말이 선택 첨가되면서 자연스럽게 호기롭고 유락적인 삶이 강조된 것이라 볼 수 있다. 아울러 유락적 분위기의 고조와 더불어 풍요로운 물질적 조건이 갖춰진 상황에서 유흥을 만끽하는 자신을 부각시킴으로써 호기로운 삶의 주인공을 '남아(대장부)'에서 '나'로 구체화하는 변화를 보이기도 한다. 그런가 하면 두 번째 변주 양상은 처음부터 부귀공명의 실현불가능성을 상정하고 있는 점에서 외부적 성공이 쉽지 않은 계층적 한계를 엿보게 한다. 그런 점에서 두 번째 경우는 그러한 계층적 한계에 공감하는 수용자가 적극 반응한 결과로 볼 수 있다. 한편 세 번째 변주 양상은 무엇보다 노년의 삶의 문제에 관심을 두고 있는 점이 주목된다. 출사의 경험이 있든 그렇지 않든 노년의 행복한 일상을 구체적으로 담아낸 점은, 늙어서의 편안한 삶 혹은 쾌락적 삶을 갈구하는 통속적 욕망을 스스럼없이 표출한 것으로 추상적 이념이 아닌 구체적 삶의 일상이 중요하게 인식되는 면모를 보여주는 점에서 중요하다고 하겠다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.93-105
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• 1999

Recently, Korean health care industry managers are paying more attention to customer oriented service, the rationalization of business administration, and quality control of service to adjust their business to outer environment since IMF bailout program. They are focusing on the cost reduction through remodeling the size and structure of man power, viz. labor flexibility. Nurses are not free from this juncture and contingent nurses are increasing fast. This article intends to verify the actual condition of two types of contingent nurses -part-time nurses and internship nurses-and to compare their job satisfaction to provide basic resource for efficient management of nurse man power. The concrete goals of this article are; Firstly, to verify the actual condition of their employment. Secondly, to compare their job satisfaction. And Thirdly, to the relation between employment condition and job satisfaction. To accomplish these research goals, a statistical survey was executed, in which 384 questionnaires - 66 for manager nurses, 318 for contingent nurses-were given to nurses working at 66 general hospitals-which have at least 100 beds-in Seoul. Among them, 121 questionnaires-of 28 general hospitals-were returned. Then, the data coded and submitted to mean, standard deviation, T-test, variance analysis (ANOVA), correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis with SAS program. The research results of the contingent nurses are followings: 1. Two types of contingent nurses shows similar age spans: they are mostly 21 - 30 years old and unmarried. But internship nurses have high level of educational career. Part - time nurses spread at general beds, out -patient part, intensive care part, operation part, etc, but internship nurses work mostly at general beds. 2. Two groups shows difference in actual employment condition: average employment career of part -time nurses is 7.0 months but internship nurses' is 2.0 months: average duty-on days per month of part - time nurses are 23.7 days but internship nurses' are 24.8 days. But there are little difference in average working time per day: 7.7 hours for part -time nurses and 0 hours for internship nurses. 3. The average wage per month for part -time nurses is 836,026 won but for internship nurses is 557,428 won-66.7% of part-time nurses'. Both groups are enjoying little additional pay. 4. Both groups are getting job not so much through advertisement of newspaper or hospitals as through acquainted person or college. 5. Both groups show very high level of job satisfaction: 3.2195 for part -time nurses and 3.2881 for internship nurses. But they show very low satisfaction on payment level compared with other categories and two groups show meaningful difference(P<.0001). 6. The multiple regression test reveals the factors related with job satisfaction: wage level, working part(OR or ICU), age, job career, and motive of contingent job-taking('because I can take care of family duties at the same time') influence positively: motive of contingent job-taking('because I can work regularly without alternation') influences negatively.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2009

The balanced scorecard(BSC) framework is a tool for strategic decision making and task support that aims for efficiency in performance management and strategy execution. BSC evolved from an old performance management practice, which tended to be limited to a finance-only perspective, to a new system of corporate management looking at corporate tasks from a multi-dimensional, future-inclined value perspective. This form of BSC amounts to a framework capable of driving management innovation and renewing the ways in which companies conceive their strategy and perform their operations. Since BSC draws integrally on user participation, it can be expected that users' satisfaction with BSC systems is an important factor in systems' success or failure. However, previous studies of the BSC system have not yet considered it as a theoretical model, specifically examining BSC system and task characteristics. To date, only a few studies have put forward plans for the implementation and use of BSC systems, and these studies have the common limitation of failing to consider the circumstances or theoretical structure of the companies for which a BSC system is being proposed. This paper then begins to fill some of this gap by characterizing the BSC system from the perspective of contingency theories. Contingency theories can be particularly useful in the Korean context in exploring how different companies use the BSC system in ways determined by their unique environmental characteristics, which may also determine the performance factors behind the application of a company's particular BSC system. In order to provide concrete suggestions for implanting and using the BSC system from a contingency theory perspective, this study sets out to determine the relationships between the contingency variables affecting BSC system performance and BSC system property variables(in given cases) through an empirical analysis. The study takes into account the perspective from which contingency theory is to be applied in individual cases, sets contingency and BSC property variables with reference to the BSC system user's environment and BSC system's character, and frames initial hypotheses concerning corporate structure and environmental variables and BSC system performance variables with reference to previous studies. A survey was then conducted on users in Korean companies that have implemented the BSC system in order to verify the research model and understand results.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.5-41
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was performed to analyse four week repeated dose toxicity of Sweet Bee Venom(Sweet BV) extracted from the bee venom in Beagle dogs. Methods: All experiments were conducted under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) at Biotoxtech Company, a non-clinical study authorized institution. Male and female Beagle dogs of 5-6 months old were chosen for the pilot study of four week repeated dose toxicity of Sweet BV which was administered at the level of 0.56mg/kg body weight which is eighty times higher than the clinical application dosage as the high dosage, followed by 0.28 and 0.14mg/kg as midium and low dosage, respectively. Equal amount of excipient(normal saline) to the Sweet BV experiment groups was administered as the control group every day for four weeks. Results: 1. No mortality was witnessed in all of the experiment groups. 2. All experiment groups were appealed pain sense in the treating time compared to the control group, and hyperemia and movement disorder were observed around the area of administration in all experiment groups, and higher occurrence in the higher dosage treatment. 3. For weight measurement, Neither male nor female groups showed significant changes. 4. In the urine analysis, CBC and biochemistry didn't show any significant changes in the experiment groups compared with control group. 5. For weight measurement of organs, experiment groups didn't show any significant changes compared with control group. 6. To verify abnormalities of organs and tissues, thigh muscle which treated with Sweet BV, cerebrum, liver, lung, kidney, and spinal cords were removed and conducted histologocal observation with H-E staining. In the histologocal observation of thigh muscle, cell infiltration, inflammatory, degeneration, necrosis of muscle fiber, and fibrosis were found in both thigh tissue. And the changes were depend on the dose of Sweet BV. But another organs were not detected in any abnormalities. 7. The proper high dosage of Sweet BV for the thirteen week repeated test in Beagle dogs may be 0.28mg/kg in one time. Conclusion: Above findings suggest that Sweet BV is relatively safe treatment medium. Further studies on the subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidences.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.48-65
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence that the marriage view of unmarried women have on future marriage, and to study which meaning this result have in the family health. Thus, for the study purpose which corresponds with it, the question survey was made, by making 500 unmarried women in the twenties in Seoul, from Aug. 16, 1991 to Sept. 5, 1991. And, as for the concrete survey contents, the idea on the marriage and family, marriage tiem, marriage selection, and the family planning after marriage etc. were center. As for the result examined in accordance with this, the data analysis was made by use of SPSS. And, as a result of the analysis, following conclusion was obtained. 1. About the necessity of marriage, 72.2% among the whole respondents had the affirmative attitude. On the other hand, the negative attitude about the necessity of marriage showed as 8.9%. This result is higher than 4.6% of Japan. Thus, it can be regarded as what reflected the tendency that the spinsterhood is increasing, with the decrease of the necessity about the marriage of the unmarried women of our nation recently. 2. Desiring marriage time is average 26.93 years old. Thus, it foreshowed that the late marriage tendency would continue. The relevancy to this late marriage was high (P＜.001), in case that the age is high, and that the education level of parents is low (P＜.01), and in case of the lone father and mother(P＜.001) 3. The age difference with the spouse at the time of marriage is average 3.1 age. Thus, it was the tendency that 0.2 age was narrowed than the recent data of Statistics Agency. And, the difference appeared narrow, in case that the age of respondent is high and the level of education is high(P＜.001). The selection condition of spouse showed the tendency to take a serious view of individual rather than family clan, in the oder of character, health and job etc. In addition, as for the selection method of spouse, the tendency to prefer love marriage to marriage made up by a go-between. And, in case of the respondent whose age is low, education level is high, both parents are in existence (P＜.001), number of brother is small, education level of parents is high, it showed to prefer the love marriage(P＜.05).

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2010

독일의 환경수도로서 이름난 프라이부르크시는 최근 우리나라의 여러 도시들과 유대관계가 본격적으로 확대되고 있는 친숙한 도시이다. 본 연구는 프라이부르크시 구도심 보행자전용구역 내 수경요소와 포장환경의 가치와 그 전승과정 그리고 도시정체성과의 관계를 고찰함으로써 이 도시의 역사 문화적 정체성을 파악하고, 더 나아가 역사 문화적 측면과 생태환경이 조화된 건강한 도시환경의 가능성을 탐색하기 위해 수행되었다. 문헌연구 결과, 프라이부르크시의 역사 문화적 환경 중 게베어베카날(Gewerbeknale)로 불리우는 간선수로는 도시건 설 당시의 존재성과 함께 하였을 뿐만 아니라, 소규모의 도시수로 베힐레(Bachle)와 인공적 수경시설 부룬넨(Brunnen)를 가능케 한 기간시설로서의 가치를 보유한 것으로 확인되었다. 한편, 모자이크 포장의 전통은 원형 경관의 시기보다 한참 후인 19세기 중반에 외래의 문물을 수용한 환경이나, 프라이부르크시의 적응과정을 통해 환경과 시민의 소통을 매개하는 새로운 가치를 획득한 환경으로 평가된다. 또한, 이들 역사적 환경요소의 전승과정에 있어 산업화와 전쟁의 폐허 등 외부적 요인을 슬기롭게 극복하여 왔음 역시 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 역사적 지속성은 프라이부르크의 역사적 정체성 중 동일성과 차이성의 국면을 획득하는 데에 큰 힘이 된 것으로 판단된다. 아울러 이상의 연구 결과는 오늘날 도시환경 속에 살아 숨 쉬는 역사 문화적 환경에 대한 가치를 새롭게 일깨우면서, 구체적인 보존전략의 수립과 실천적 노력이 요구된다는 사실을 논증하고 있다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.72-93
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• 2006

'국경없는 마을'이란 안산외국인노동자센터가 1999년부터 안산시 원곡동 일대에서 다양한 나라 출신의 이주노동자들을 상대로 추진하고 있는 지역에서의 다문화공동체 형성 운동이다. 우리들은 다음과 같은 몇 가지 점에서 국경없는 마을 프로젝트에 관한 사회과학적 조망이 필요하다고 판단한다. 첫째, 지구화와 지역화의 상호영향 관계를 국경없는 마을이라는 구체적인 사례를 통해 조사해볼 필요가 있다. 둘째, 이 프로젝트는 소위 성찰적 근대화론이라는 이론 기획과 지구성, 지역주의, 다문화공동체, 지구시민사회시민권 등 여러 가지 개념들을 공유하고 있다. 따라서 이 프로젝트의 현실적인 효과를 검토해봄으로써 성찰적 근대화론의 한국적 적용 가능성을 우회적으로나마 타진해볼 수 있다. 셋째, 현장과 이론 사이의 개방적인 상호작용을 보여주고 있다는 점에서 이 프로젝트가 진행되는 과정 자체가 우리 사회의 새로운 공론장을 창출하는 과제와 관련, 주목해볼 가치가 있다. 마지막으로 이 프로젝트는 기존의 사회운동론의 범주들로는 설명될 수 없는 새로운 사회문제들의 출현이라는 문제를 제기하고 있다. 우리들의 잠정적인 결론은 이 프로젝트가 선구적이며 실험적인 것임에는 틀림없으나 새로운 사회운동, 이론으로서 실질적인 영향력을 행사하기에는 여전히 너무 추상적이라는 한계를 보이고 있다는 것으로 모아진다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.194-201
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• 2000

The propose of the study is to try to support the practice of caring suitable for our cultural emotion by cognating the meaning of caring related to health which is melted in korean culture. Concrete purposes were as followings; to first, confirm the caring of civilian in Kangwon-do, to secondly search the caring in the traditional culture idea, and to thirdly present the conceptual frame about the caring. The methodology of this research is the ethnography to use the depth interview and the participative observation. The geographical area of this research was in Wichon-ri, Songsan- myon, Study participants were, 6men and 18women, totally 24 persons. Their average age was 72.6 years old. The period of data collection was from January, 1998 to April, 1999, which original data became saturation. Data collection was done after accept allowance of the participants, their stories were recorded in cassettee, by the way of the Spradley analysis was applied and adjusted. The results which was analyized as domain, category and property were as following; First, the category was the life serving other persons, which is the for mind, the benefiting one, the comprehensive one, the respective one, on soon. Second, the category was the controling life, and its property was the moderate mind, that is, vegetables were tried to be fed moderately, pleasantly and comfortable. Thirdly, the category was the eagerness life, and the properties were diligent mind, and mind which accomplished the complete resposibility. Fourth, the category was a happy life, and the properties were positive mind, satisfying one, thankful one, one of their ancestors benefit, and supplicatory one. Fifth, the category was the accepting life, and the properties were the submissive mind, resign one. Sixth, the category was the joint life all together and the properties were the harmonized mind, and the mutual helping one. Seventh, the category was the ruling life, and the properties were the pure mind, the ones which controls the body, the mind, the nature; which could surely confirmed the source of the life that lived with the nature, the native idea of our people. Eighth, the category was the retaining life, and the properties were the inherits the native custom, and the one that keep public morals. According to the result of examining the caring in ethnography, the general caring was performed the conceptual frame about the caring which is related to health was found in the principle of consideration, harmony, compliance, and transcendence.