• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 1994

Effect pf rape seed oil cake compast (OM) active carbon(C) compound fertilizer (NPK) and magnesium sulfate (Mg) application on Zoysia koreana growth by lysimeter of 50cm soil column filled with a low fertility loam. Effect on growth was in order of OM>OM . NPK interaction> NPK . active carbon and Mg were not effective OM . NPK interaction effect was negative on leaf width and root dry matter yield. OM and OM . NPK interaction were most effective on rhizome growth. Their effect did not change the ratio of growth rates between aerial part and rhizome but change that between aerial part and root. Leaf width was most sensitive to the treatments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 1989

According to the results from the experiments of selecting a suitable variety of forage rape and comparing productivity and nutrient quality between forage rape and oil seed rape, Velox appeared to be the most suitable variety in terms of productivity and nutrient quality at the southern area of Korea among the varieties used in the experiments. Consequently, Velox was grown under two different cultural methods, individual culture and population culture, and productivity and variation of nutrient quality during the growth period were observed and compared between the cultural methods. The results from the experiment are summarized as follows: 1. Although variations were great in plant fresh weight and plant dry matter weight among plants, individual culture showed significantly higher value in these characters at the 1 % level than population culture. Plant fresh weight and plant dry matter weight were largely dependent upon the amount of branches in case of individual culture. However, in population culture, they were equally dependent upon the amount of branches and main stem. There was no significant difference in dry matter percentage between cultural methods, and main stem showed highest dry matter percentage. 2. Content of crude protein was decreasing gradually as plants continued to grow. Individual culture showed higher content of crude protein than population culture from 90 to 120 days after sowing but vice versa from 180 days after sowing to flowering stage. Contents of fiber such as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin was low at the early stage of growth. It was increasing gradually as plants grew older and at the latter stage of growth plants under individual culture showed higher values in contents of fiber. 3. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of both stems and leaves was decreasing gradually as plants grew older. Plants under individual culture showed higher IVDMD of stems than plants under population culture, but no significant difference in IVDMD of leaves was observed between cultural methods.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop an organic control method of two spotted spider mite(Tetranychus urticae) by using cooking oil and yolk mixture(COY) through evaluating its acaricidal activity in laboratory and green house. In laboratory, there is no significant difference in acaricidal activity against T. urticae within the COY including soybean, canola(rape seed), sunflower and olive oil. The acaricidal activity against T. urticae. increased from 17.6% to 94.1% as the COY became concentrated between 0.1% to 1%. The COY acricidal activity was effected by the quantity of treatment according to application methods. The COY dealt with T. urticae eggs presented 95% of the ovicidal activity. In rose greenhouse damaged by T. urticae, the COY(0.3%) was sprayed three times and resulted in the high control value of mites between 69.0% to 89.6%.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2009

Cooking oil and yolk mixture (COY), a environmentally acceptable plant protection agent, and COY+$CaCO_3$+neem oil mixture were studied to control the powdery mildew occurring on eggplant, paprika, cherry tomato and maturity tomato in glass houses and vinyl houses during 2005 to 2007. The morphological changes of the pathogenic fungi on the leaf surface before and after treatment of COY were observed. COY made of rape seed oil and COY+$CaCO_3$+neem oil mixture were sprayed three times with 5 days interval to foliar parts of eggplant, paprika and tomato and the disease development were examined 5 days after final spray. In eggplant, the control efficacy of COY to powdery mildew was 94.6%. In paprika, the control efficacy of COY to powdery mildew was 91.6% and that of COY+$CaCO_3$+neem oil mixture was 96.2% that revealed little higher than COY itself. In tomatoes(cherry or maturity tomato), the control efficacy of COY were about 91 %, however, when COY mixture were sprayed to tomato leaves and stems the powdery mildew was controlled completely. Typical and healthy mycelia, conidiophores and condia were observed through scanning electron microscope in COY unsprayed leaf surface, on the other hand destroyed and winkled mycelia and conidiophores were observed in COY treated leaves regardless host plants nor taxonomic differences of fungi.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2009

To investigate expression patterns of chitinase, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase involved in biological control of phytopathogens, three oil seed rapes (Capitol, Pollen and Saturnin) were used. Activities of the enzymes in old leaves were $9.7{\sim}11.8$ unit/mg protein in chitinase, $11.1{\sim}17.3$ unit/mg protein in ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and $0.6{\sim}1.7$ unit/mg protein in peroxidase. Activities of the enzymes in roots were $39.2{\sim}49.0$ unit/mg protein in chitinase, $49.9{\sim}62.0$ unit/mg protein in ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and $2.4{\sim}3.8$ unit/mg protein in peroxidase. Chitinase and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activity were the highest level in Saturnin leaves and in Capitol roots while activities of those were the lowest level in Capitol leaves. Also, chitinase and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase activity were the lowest level in Saturnin roots. Active bands of chitinase isoform in leaves (73, 51, 40, 34, and 29 kDa) and in roots (100, 57 34, and 29 kDa) tissues showed in the SDS-PAGE gel. Active bands of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase isoform in leaves and roots (75 and 55 kDa) tissues showed on the SDS-PAGE gel. Active staining of peroxidase showed the strongest level in leaves and roots of Pollen. Active bands of peroxidase isoform in leaves (122, 114, and 93 kDa) and in roots (135, 122, 114, and 93 kDa) tissues showed on the Native-PAGE gel. These results indicated that establishment of expression pattern of enzymes in rape tissues could play as an important role with respect to resistance of plant pathogens in rape.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.280-285
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• 2009

Powdery and downy mildews caused by Sphaerotheca fusca and Pseudoperonospora cubensis are the most common and serious diseases of cucumber worldwide. In spite of the introduction of highly effective systemic fungicides, control of these diseases remains elusive. Hence, this study aimed to develop an alternative method to chemicals in controlling the diseases by using different types of cooking oil. Egg yolk, which contains a natural emulsifier, lecithin, was selected as a surfactant to emulsify the oils. Among the different cooking oils used, soybean, canola (rape seed), safflower, sunflower, olive, and corn oils showed over 95% control values against powdery mildew of cucumber in a greenhouse test. In particular, 0.3% canola oil emulsified with 0.08% yolk (1 yolk and 60 ml canola in 20 l spray) was found to be the most effective. The treatment resulted in 98.9% and 96.3% control efficacies on powdery and downy mildews, respectively, of cucumber in the field. Canola oil exhibited direct and systemic effect, wherein powdery mildew of cucumber was suppressed only on treated leaves but not on non-treated leaves in a plant, while mycelia and conidia of the pathogen were severely distorted or destroyed by the treatment. The prospect of using the canola oil and yolk mixture as a natural fungicide is highly promising because of its effectiveness, availability, low cost, simple preparation, and safety to humans and the environment. The use of the canola oil and yolk mixture is expected to be an effective fungicide for use in organic farming and home gardening.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 2010

The objective of this experiment was determined to investigate the effect of the planting ratio of Male Sterility (MS) to Restorer Line (RL) and harvesting time on fatty acid compositions under $F_1$ seed production of Brassica napus L. For rapeseed seed production, two experiments were conducted in the open fields. One experiment studied planting ratios of MS to RL (4:2, 10:2, or 10:1) were planted and investigated fatty acid composition at 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 days after flowering, the other $F_2$ seeds were analyzed on fatty acid compositions of harvested seeds at five sequential stages. The results showed that fatty acid compositions of developing seeds were influenced by MS:RL planting ratios and $F_2$ hybrid treatments and contaminated level of fatty acid compositions, erucic acid, were unaffected by planting ratio of MS to RL. Fatty acid compositions such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) contents decreased during seed maturation period in $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ experiments. In contrast, oleic acid (C18:1) content relatively increased up to 55days after flowering. At day 60 after flowering, oleic acid content was unaffected by MS:RL planting ratios and $F_2$ seeds treatments. Aspects of related gene expression of fatty acid synthesis such as SAD, FAD1 and FAD2 were followed exactly to changes of fatty acid composition during seed maturation. These results suggest that MS ratio may be enlarged and RL may be reduced, indicating this ratio will be useful for rape seed production.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.498-501
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• 2011

The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents are the key factors to determine the quality of organic fertilizers and right amount of application for agricultural uses. The major nutrient contents in raw materials used for making organic fertilizers and products were evaluated in this study. Among the raw materials that were investigated, soybean cake gave the highest total N content at $76g\;kg^{-1}$, followed by perilla cake ($70g\;kg^{-1}$), rape seed oil cake ($66g\;kg^{-1}$), cotton seed cake ($54g\;kg^{-1}$), and rice bran ($22g\;kg^{-1}$). We investigated 43 organic fertilizers and our results showed widely varied concentrations of major nutrients : total N at $30.5-139g\;kg^{-1}$, total $P_2O_5$ at $2.3-96.3g\;kg^{-1}$, and total $K_2O$ at $0.1-29.3g\;kg^{-1}$. Our study would like to emphasize the importance of nutrient content labeling in packed organic fertilizers to be able to know its efficiency and for determining the right amount for application.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.486-494
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• 2012

Nano-emulsion with phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsifying system was prepared to use rapeseed oil from originating Jeju in order to apply various cosmetic applications. Natural rape seed oil (NRSO) extraction was extracted using n-hexane as a solvent. NRSO extract showed a light yellowish color of viscous liquid as well as yield was $43{\pm}2.5%$. Acid value was $2.76{\pm}0.5$ and gravity was $0.89{\pm}0.05$. Droplet size of PIT-Yuche-NE with 20wt% of rapeseed oil was 50-120nm (average: $82{\pm}5.8nm$) and zeta potential was -29.5mV. It was thermodynamically good stable emulsion due to $(PEG)_{5-30}$fattyacidether. Some conclusions from the result of characteristic experiment were obtained as follows. First, the anti-oxidative activity was measured by free radical scavenging activity using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical). Anti-oxidative activity of PIT-Yuche-NE was $37.2{\pm}6.7%$ on 10mg/mL compared with PIT-Toco-NE (Natural tocopherol nano-emulsion, $28.8{\pm}6.5%$ on 10 mg/mL) and PIT-Nokcha-NE (Green tea extract nano-emulsion, $29.6{\pm}7.2%$ on 10mg/mL). Second, the collagen synthesis activity of PIT-Yuche-NE was $148{\pm}15.2%$ compared with PIT-Toco-NE (Natural tocopherol nano-emulsion, $121{\pm}13.5%$ on 10mg/mL) and PIT-Nokcha-NE (Green tea extract nano-emulsion, $95{\pm}12.7%$ on 10mg/mL). Third, the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of Yuche-CRM with Aramo-TS after 6 hours increase $47{\pm}3.9%$ (*p-value￡0.05, n=7) whereas Both Toco-CRM was $30{\pm}5.2%$ (*p-value￡0.05, n=7) and Nokcha-CRM was $35{\pm}4.5%$. Therefore, Yuche-CRM has higher moisturizing effect than other two creams. Finally, Nano-emulsion stabilizing rapeseed oil using PIT emulsifying system of this study can be used to apply cosmetics industry and pharmaceutical industry.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 1994

High quality rapeseed cultivars including Nojeokchae, Yeongsanyuchae Halla-yuchae and Tamrayuchae have been released and recommended as a zero erucic acid variety to Cheju farmers for 13 years, where is a major rapeseed production area in korea. However, rapeseeds produced in Cheju island in 1992 and 1993 contained 47.7% and 37.0% of erucic acid respectively resulting in poor quality oil being not adequate for edible oil. It was considered that the zero erucic acid varieties did not have an opportunity to be cultivated in Cheju island by farmers living in the Island. Thus, the new rapeseed varieties without erucic acid should be bred and recommended to the farmers of southern area of Korea as a multiple cropping crop just after rice harvest, and for large scale mechanized and labour-serving rapeseed culture. The change of rapeseed breeding goal would be desirable for fatty acid composition improvement of rapeseed to develop varieties adaptable to southern part of Korea, and to produce rapeseed oil directly used as an edible oil safely.