• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.17-27
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• 1985

In this paper, an approximate calculation method on the transverse strength of oil tankers by use of slop-deflection method os described which considers the effect of shear deflection and varing section in elements and the result of calculation in models and actual ships, is presented. The object of this paper is focused on the development of program which can be used widely regardless strut numbers in transverse frame rings. To examine the reliability of the above method, the results in this paper are compared with the results which are obtained by use of SAP4(Structure Analysis Program) based on finite element method. The application of the Slope-Deflection Method on the transverse strength of oil tankers has the advantage that this method takes less than the other methods in calculation.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 1998

An oil spill model, Green Sea Ranger(GSR) based on trajectory and fate modeling of spilt oil behavior is introduced. The various physical models on weathering processes are reviewed and those adopted by GSR are described. A database for currents, which is necessary for the real-time simulation of oil spill, is generated on the south sea of Korea. The real-time prediction of tidal currents in the South Sea of Korea is carried out. Four major constituents (M₂, S₂, K₁, O₁ tide) are employed in the prediction, and those angular speeds and phases are determined from the astronomical arguments. The harmonic constants of the constituents are computed by solving shallow-water tide equations. The GSR has user-freiendly GUI and flexible framework which makes it easy to expand the database for sea environments in Korean coastal waters. The GSR is validated by the simulation of O-Sung oil spill caused by a grounded oil tanker in coastal sea near Maemol-do. The simulated trajectory is compared with observed one and it is shown that the GSR gives reasonable estimation on spilt oil bahavior.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.05b
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• pp.910-914
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• 2010

A collision between a barge and an oil tanker of Hebei Spirit caused the release of an estimated 12,547 tons of light crude oil into the Yellow Sea off the west coast of Taean-gun, Korea on December 7, 2007. This study was aimed to evaluate exposure conditions and acute health effects in soldiers participating in the Hebei Spirit oil spill cleanup activities and the association between these and the nature of the work and use of protection devices. The sample comprised 2,624 soldiers stratified by working area and number of working days. We divided working area into the coast of Taean-gun(highly polluted area) and other areas affected by Hebei Spirit oil spill. And we divided number of working days into 1-7 days, 8-14 days, 15-21 days and above 22 days. Data were obtained via a structured, self-administered questionnaire and included information on working area, type of working, number of working days, use of protective materials, and acute health effects. Acute health effects were classified into 5 groups: neurological, respiratory, dermatologic, ophthalmic and other symptoms. Data analysis was performed using unconditional logistic regression used to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. On logistic regression analysis, working on the coast of Taean-gun was significantly associated with increased risk of acute health problems: headache, dizziness, nausea, general fatigue, insomnia, flushed face, sore throat, dry throat, runny nose, cough, sputum, skin irritation, sore eyes, injection of conjunctiva, tear, and low back pain. Furthermore soldiers working more than 21 days were significantly associated with increased risk of acute health problems: insomnia, flushed face, sore throat, runny nose, cough, sputum, tear, low back pain and fever. Accordingly, the exposure to the oil and the subsequent cleanup efforts were suggested to inflict acute health problems on soldiers participating in the Hebei Spirit oil spill cleanup activities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.267-269
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• 2009

This study investigated & analyzed the scheme for Ship Management for the Activation of world-wide Oil business. Shipping safety & marine pollution accidents occurred a huge property loss not only a shipping companies but also a oil companies, and marine accident may affect to a shipping company to go out of existence. On that score, oil companies have executed the evaluation by periods on each shipping companies and ships, and SIRE is inter-sharing by internet homepage on OCIMF & CDI, and its most important data when oil cargo transport. Therefore this study is provided a practical method to PIC of tanker shipping business & Designated Person, and it will be a basic of Ship Management for the activation of the Oil business.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.120-127
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• 2001

The potential pollution problems resulting from tanker collision necessitate the requirement for an effective structural design and the development of relevant safety regulations. During a few decades, the great effort has been made by the international Maritime Organization and the Administration, etc, to reduce oil spillage from collision accidents. However there is still a need for investigation in the light of structural evaluation method for the experiments and rational analysis, and design development for an operational purpose of ships. This study aims for investigating a complicated structural response of bow structures of simplified models and oil carriers for assessing the energy dissipation and crushing mechanics of the striking vessels through a methodology of the numerical analysis for the various models and its design changes. Through these study an optimal bow construction absorbing great portion of kinetic energy at the least penetration depth prior to reach to the cargo area and an effective location of collision bulkhead are investigated. In order to obtain a rational results in this study, three stages of collision simulation procedures have been performed step by step as follows; 1) 16 simplified ship models are used to investigate the structural response against bow collision with variation of primary and secondary members. Mass and speed are also varied in four conditions. 2) 21 models consisted of 5 sizes of the full scaled oil carriers are used to perform the collision simulation with the various sizes and deadweight delivered in a recent which are complied with SOLAS and MARPOL. 3) 36 models of 100l oil carrier are used to investigate the structural response and its influence to the collision bulkhead against bow collision in variation with location of collision bulkhead, primary members, framing system and colliding conditions, etc. By the first study using simplified models the response of the bow collision is synthetically evaluated for the parameters influencing to the absorbed energy, penetration depth and impact force, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.3-12
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• 2003

Due to the high demand on energy resources accompanied by continuing industrialization and urbanization, the world marine transportation of crude and product oils is being gradually increased. In Korea, we are exposed to the large-scale marine oil spill accidents because a very large oil tanker of 300,000 tonnage must enter Korean Ports every day to meet the domestic demand on oils. Although we are exerting our strength to reduce the probability of marine oil pollution accidents, a unrestorable oil spill is to occur owing to human errors, severe weather conditions, or combined causes. Thus, area contingency plan equipped with appropriate management system for response and restoration for the worst case discharge scenario must be entirely prepared to protect mine environments and coastal resources. In particular, we are focusing on the Environmental Sensitivity Index Map(ESI Map) to reduce the environmental consequences of both spills and clean-up efforts by specifying protection Priorities in advance and identifying in-situ response strategies. In this paper, Korean ESI Map is introduced with brief definition of sensitivity to oiling and main features of the software developed hitherto.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.119-126
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• 2001

The potential pollution problems resulting from tanker collision necessitate the requirement for an effective structural design and the development of relevant safety regulation. During a few decades, the great effort has been made by International Maritime Organization and the Administration, etc, to reduce oil spillage from collision accidents. However there is still a need for investigation in the light of structural evaluation method for the experiments and rational analysis, and design development for an operational purpose of ships. This study is aimed at investigating a complicated structural response of bow structures of oil carriers for assessing the energy dissipation and crushing mechanics of striking vessel through a methodology of the numerical analysts for the various models and its design changes. Through this study an optimal bow construction absorbing great portion of kinetic energy in the least penetration depth prior to reach to the cargo area and an effective location of collision bulkhead are investigated. In order to obtain a rational results in this study, three stages of response analysis procedures are performed as follows; 1). 16 simplified ship models are used to investigate the structural response against bow collision with variation of primary and secondary members. Mass and speed are also varied in two conditions. 2). 21 models conisted of 5 size of full scaled oil carriers are used to perform the collision simulation with the various sizes and deadweight delivered in a recent which are complied with SOLAS and MARPOL. 3). 36 models of 100k oil carrier are used to investigate the structural response and its influence to the collision bulkhead against bow collision in variation with location of collision bulkhead, primary mombers, framing system and colliding conditions, etc.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.507-530
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• 2012

Age-related problems especially corrosion and fatigue are normally suffered by weatherworn ships and aging offshore structures. The effect of corrosion is one of the important factors in the Common Structural Rule (CSR) guideline of the ship design based on a 20 or 25 years design life. The aim of this research is the clarification of the corrosion effect on ultimate strength of stiffened panels on various types of double hull oil tankers. In the case of ships, corrosion is a phenomenon caused by the ambient environment and it has different characteristics depending on the parts involved. Extensive research considering these characteristic have already done by previous researchers. Based on this data, the ultimate strength behavior of stiffened panels for four double hull oil tankers such as VLCC, Suezmax, Aframax, and Panamax classes are compared and analyzed. By considering hogging and sagging bending moments, the stiffened panels of the deck, inner bottom and outer bottom located far away from neutral axis of ship are assessed. The results of this paper will be useful in evaluating the ultimate strength of an oil tanker subjected to corrosion. These results will be an informative example to check the effect of ultimate strength of a stiffened panel according to corrosion addition from CSR for a given type of ship.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.2 s.53
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• pp.103-113
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• 2006

This study examined effects of crude oil on the phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in mussel Mytilus edulis and rockfish Sebastes schlegeli, a representative bivalve and a culture fish, respectively. This work also intended indirectly to evaluate the post impact recovery from the massive oil tanker spillage accidents occurred during the summer of 1995 in the sea area off Yosu City, Chonnam. For these, enzyme activities of UDPGT and GST were examined in the fish and mussel following laboratory exposure to fresh crude oil, weathered oil, field-obtained oil residues, or in the field biota samples. Decreased GST activity was observed in rock fish following exposure to oil-soluble fraction (OSF) of fresh oil. A similar diminished GST activity was also observed after OSF of artificially weathered oil. OSF of field oil residues retrieved from the spillage area approximately 1 year later also exerted a slight inhibition of GST to rockfish. There was neither a change in UDPGT in rockfish, nor were there changes in mussel in both enzymes to any oil fractions. We could not observe any difference in the two enzymes either in rockfish or mussel sampled from the field during $1.5{\sim}2.0$ years post spillage, indicating that their enzyme systems might had been recovered by the sampling time. In conclusion, it seems that the inhibition of GST activity in rockfish is a biomarker response to crude oil exposure. The results, however, must be interpreted with care, as the inhibition nay reflect various factors such as oil concentration, duration and water temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.279-283
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• 2009

Approximately 12,547 kL of oil from the tanker 'Hebei Spirit' released into the western sea of Korea, which subsequently reached and covered extensive areas of the western coastlines of Korea. In the following days great numbers of tar balls hit the southwestern coast. Three different cleanup methods were used to mediate the southwestern coastline tar ball pollution by Korea Coast Guard (KCG) net setting, manual pick up, and sweeping them up. Net setting was useful in protecting coastlines from being hit by tar balls. The cold weather in winter conditions helped the tar ball response efforts because it caused them to harden, allowing them to be swept up from beaches and to be gathered up by hand.