• Wind and Structures
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.125-146
• /
• 2006

Stonecutters Bridge of Hong Kong is a cable-stayed bridge with two single-column pylons each 298 m high and an aerodynamic twin deck. The total length of the bridge is 1596 m with a main span of 1018 m. The top 118 m of the tower will comprise structural steel and concrete composite while the bottom part will be of reinforced concrete. The bridge deck at the central span will be of steel whilst the side spans will be of concrete. Stonecutters Bridge has adopted a twin-girder deck design with a wide clear separation of 14.3 m between the two longitudinal girders. Although a number of studies have been conducted to investigate the aerodynamic performance of twin-girder deck, the actual real life application of this type of deck is extremely limited. This therefore triggered the need for conducting the present studies, the main objective of which is to investigate the performance of Stonecutters Bridge against flutter at its in-service stage as well as during construction. Based on the flutter derivatives obtained from the 1:80 scale rigid section model experiment, flutter analysis was carried out using 3-D finite element based single parameter searching method developed by the second author of this paper. A total of 6 finite element models of the bridge covering the in-service stage as well as 5 construction stages were established. The dynamic characteristics of the bridge associated with these stages were computed and applied in the analyses. Apart from the critical wind speeds for the onset of flutter, the dominant modes of vibration participating in the flutter vibration were also identified. The results indicate that the bridge will be stable against flutter at its in-service stage as well as during construction at wind speeds much higher than the verification wind speed of 95 m/s (1-minute mean).

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental factors having a influence on the preference of residential district and to furnish basic information for the successful settlement. For the purpose, residential preference and values on the residential district were estimated according to the housing life cycle. Data were collected through questionnaires designed for this study, and the objects of this research were university students. To analyze the data were used spsswin program. The major results were as follows. 1. According to the housing life cycle, there were significant differences in the preference of the residential district, living area and housing type in the future. Metropolitan and seoul, residential area and commercial area, apartment, office-hotel and row house were preferred in the housing formative. In the stable period, seoul and metropolitan, tower apartment, residential area were preferred. But in the housing reductive period, they preferred a green zone in the rural, the detached house. 2. The degree of consideration of living convenience facilities was high in the housing formative period. Both education-leisure, business facilities and marketing facilities were highly valuated in the housing stable period. But the value of welfare facilities was high in the housing reductive period. 3. The 4 dimensions of values in environmental conditions were extracted through factor analysis. They were natural, human, social, and economic factors. According to the housing life cycle, there were significant differences in factors being considered as the environmental conditions. The values of human and economic factors were high in the housing formative and stable period. Natural factor were highly considered in the housing reductive period.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.133-145
• /
• 2001

The scale of disasters is very large, also the influence of disasters is irreversible. Korean people has continuously learned how to deal with disaster management law. However, as time goes by after the many disaster, the concern with the disaster management by the people seems to become old and banal topic which nobody has interest in. If so, can it be said that our society is safe from the disaster? This study start from critical mind of asking this question. This study puts an emphasis on the problems such as following; To realize whole concept of disaster management provided in the basic civil defense law, the combined disaster management should be required to be established, the combined law should play a integral part for prevention for the disaster and should be a concrete basis of various laws for disaster management. Establishing a consolidated organization for disaster managing and united response organization is necessary. This consolidated organization is not temporary one such as civil disaster control headquarter but permanent one such as Disaster Management Office which controls an over all aspects of disaster management. Temporary organization should not be divided into natural calamity and man-made calamity but integrated one as a single control tower for all sorts of disasters. The police and army under fire fighting system should be reconsidered. It is necessary to make leadership system on the disaster place more substantial centered around present fire fighting system. To do so, more clear division of duty is required. The working condition should be improved so that all public servants in this agency can play their roles with pride and worth. The resource owned the existing administrative organization must be used by an appointment system. And to manage a large scale of disaster, it is necessary to have interorganizational network system which many specialized organization including volunteer group are integrated. And the natural disaster happen, many professionals and volunteers are distributed to the spots of disaster in the right man in the right place. Finally, citizen's consciousness about safety supervision needs to be recover.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.165-170
• /
• 2005

There is an increasing interest in developing novel coating to improve the blood compatibility of medical implants. Diamond-like carbon(DLC) and titanium nitride(TiN) films have been proposed as potential biomedical coatings due to their chemical k physical properties and moderate biocompatibility. To study the correlation between blood compatibility and physical properties of the films, the fibrinogen adsorption on the surface as well as morphology & wettability were investigated. The quantity of fibrinogen adsorption are Tower for TiN than DLC, which correlates with a higher hydrophilicity of TiN film. To reduce the quantity of fibrinogen adsorption on the film, plasma treatment and furnace annealing were performed, respectively. With the use of oxygen plasma and furnace annealing, the amount of fibrinogen adsorption on TiN film was remarkably reduced, while there was no decrease of the quantity with DLC.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.31-42
• /
• 1999

The category killer that has been rapidly growing mainly in advanced countries since early 1990's, is a mew distribution model which aims for obtaining market controlling power by surpassing competing businesses in a specific area of products. The domestic situation of category killers is very different from that of advanced ones abroad since it has just been introduced into the Korean market. At the moment, there are only 10 or so companies operating in the market : Geopyung's , Taeheng's , Midopa's , of Sinsegye Department store, adn of Yerim International. The purpose of this study is to examine problems of domestic companies in the present market by analysing the operation status of category killers in domestic markets as well as foreign ones, and to suggest a counter-strategy of category killers for the distribution environment of the 21st century to improve the competitiveness of Korean distribution industry. The competitiveness of category killers lies above all in products lines. Category killers are equipped with the greatest number of products lines among those of competing businesses due to maximized product selections in an limited range. Another source of competitiveness may be found in balanced strategy positioning. That is to say, category killers are in a position where they can adjust policies towards any of the three purposes while aiming at them altogether : prices of discount stores, products range of specialty stores, and customer service level of department stores. It is also necessary for efficient store operation to use information technology such as electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic pose system(EPOS) and electronic funds transfer (EFTPOS). As for the cost structure, category killers can gain an advantage over other business since operating cost of various sections can be saved. There are, however, certain risks that category killers with strong competitiveness may influence on other businesses a great deal and even facilitate their decline. Yet it seems that the growth of category killers will be more viciously restrained by continuous challenges from other businesses. The distribution industry is supposed to develop through such competition and restraint.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.16B no.6
• /
• pp.489-496
• /
• 2009

Hierarchical Task Network(HTN) planning, a typical planning method for effectively taking advantage of domain-specific control knowledge, has been widely used in complex real applications for a long time. However, it still lacks theoretical formalization and standardization, and so there are some differences among existing HTN planners in terms of principle and performance. In this paper, we present an effective way to translate a HTN planning domain specification into the corresponding standard PDDL specification. Its main advantage is to allow even many domain-independent classical planners to utilize domain-specific control knowledge contained in the HTN specifications. In this paper, we try our translation-based approach to three different domains such as Blocks World, Office Delivery, Hanoi Tower, and then conduct some experiments with a forward-chaining heuristic state-space planner, FF, to analyze the efficiency of our approach.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.77-85
• /
• 2014

A construction temporary work is main process and importance trade section. It has many works and facilities such as temporary transfer equipments which tower crane, and lift, and architectural temporary facilities which temporary office, temporary warehouse, and site test laboratory, and construction temporary equipments which scaffoldings, work plates, construction supports, and forms to set and to use in under construction and to remove in the end. A technology system of construction temporary has very low availability of field works and needs improvements in Korea as construction site has a quick response about new requirements. This study is organized existing technology systems and new technologies for field works, and developed breakdown structure of construction temporary technologies to be a basic of temporary technologies as review with site managers. For this, it will improve to be a knowledge and information system as a research of a performance and an availability about a construction temporary technology index.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.86-103
• /
• 2016

'Sukchunjeahdo' illustration-book, which was left by Han, Pil-gyo(韓弼敎 : 1807~1878)in the late Joseon Dynasty, includes pictorial record paintings containing government offices, Eupchi, and Feng Shui condition drawn by Gyehwa(界畵) method Sabangjeondomyobeop(四方顚倒描法) and is the rare historical material that help to understand spatial structure and landscape characteristics. Youngyuhyun(永柔縣) and Sincheongun(信川郡) town, the case sites of this study, show Feng Shui foundation structure and placement rules of government offices in the Joseon Period are applied such as 3Dan 1Myo(三壇一廟 : Sajikdan, Yeodan, Seonghwangdan, Hyanggyo), 3Mun 3Jo(三門三朝 : Oeah, Dongheon, Naeah) and Jeonjohuchim(前朝後寢) etc. by setting the upper and lower hierarchy of the north south central axis. The circulation system is the pattern that roads are segmented around the marketplace of the entrance of the town and the structure is that heading to the north along the internal way leads to the government office and going out to the main street leads to the major city. Baesanimsu(背山臨水 : Mountain in backward and water in front) foundation, back hill pine forest, intentionally created low mountains and town forest etc. showed landscape aesthetics well suited for the environmental comfort condition such as microclimate control, natural disaster prevention, psychological stability reflecting color constancy principle etc. and tower pavilions were built throughout the scenic spot, reflecting life philosophy and thoughts of contemporaries such as physical and mental discipline, satisfied at the reality of poverty, returning to nature etc. For government office landscape, shielding and buffer planting, landscape planting etc. were considered around Gaeksa(客舍), Dongheon(東軒), Naeah(內衙) backyard and deciduous tree s and flowering trees were cultivated as main species and in case of Gaeksa, tiled pavilions and pavilions topped with poke weed in tetragonal pond were introduced to Dongheon and Naeah and separate pavilions were built for the purpose of physical and mental discipline and military training such as archery. Back hill pine tree forest formed back landscape and zelkova, pear trees, willow trees, old pine trees, lotus, flowering trees etc. were cultivated as gardening trees and Feng-Shui forest with willow trees as its main species was created for landscape and practical purposes. On the other hand, various cultural landscape elements etc. were introduced such as pavilions, pond serving as fire protection water(square and circle), stone pagoda and stone Buddha, fountains and wells, monument houses, flagpoles etc. In case of Sincheongun town forest(邑藪), Manhagwan(挽河觀), Moonmujeong(文武井), Sangjangdae(上場岱) and Hajangdae(下場岱) Market place, Josanshup<(造山藪 : Dongseojanglim(東西長林)>, Namcheon(南川) etc. were combined and community cultural park with the nature of modern urban park was operated. In this context, government office landscape shows the garden management aspect where square pond and pavilions, flowering trees are harmonized around side pavilion and backyard. Also, environmental design technique not biased to aesthetics and ideological moral philosophy and comprehensively considering functionality (shielding and fire prevention, microclimate control, etc.) and environmental soundness etc. is working.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.252-261
• /
• 2008

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of feeding organic acids and antibiotic growth promoters in weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 nursery pigs (Large White$\times$Landrace; initial weight $7.80{\pm}0.07kg$) were randomly allotted into one of four dietary treatments. Pigs in treatment 1 were fed a complex starter diet. Treatments 2 to 4 were the same as treatment 1 but supplemented with antibiotics (200 ppm chlortetracycline plus 60 ppm Lincospectin), 0.5% potassium diformate or 0.5% dry organic acid blend ACTIVATE Starter DA (ASD). During the 4-week post-weaning period, pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had better gain (p = 0.03) and feed efficiency (p = 0.04) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14 post-weaning, pigs fed the control diet had the lowest fecal lactobacilli count among all dietary treatments (p = 0.02), whereas pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had a trend for lower fecal E. coli count compared to the control pigs (p = 0.08). Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) of pigs fed ASD did not differ from pigs fed the control diet (p>0.05) at d 14 after weaning. In Exp. 2, 24 weaned pigs (Large White$\times$Long White; initial weight $5.94{\pm}0.33kg$) were allotted into four groups and housed individually. Pigs were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with antibiotics (100 ppm colistin sulfate, 50 ppm Kitasamycin plus 60 ppm Olaquindox), 0.5% or 1% ASD. All pigs were orally challenged with E. coli $K88^+$ on d 5. During d 5 to 14 after challenge, pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD had better gain (p = 0.01) and feed efficiency (p = 0.03) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14, compared to the control pigs, pigs fed 0.5% ASD had higher lactobacilli in the duodenum and pigs fed 1% ASD and antibiotics had a trend for higher lactobacilli in the ileum (p = 0.08). Pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD diets tended to have decreased ileal E. coli count compared to those fed the control diet (p = 0.08). Serum interleukin-6 and cortisol and digesta pH values were not affected by treatment or time. These results indicate that feeding ASD can improve the growth performance of weaning pigs, mainly via modulating intestinal microflora populations without affecting gastrointestinal pH or immune indices.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.12 no.9
• /
• pp.113-123
• /
• 2014

Purpose - After Korea's Free Economic Zone (FEZ) system was launched in 2003, there have been many debates about upgrading it and its support systems. However, as of 2013, there were insufficient results. Further, upon the designation of the East Coast and Chungbuk as official FEZs from February 4, 2013 by the 56th the Commission, there is a concern that many people are in the area designated as FEZ 8. This study investigates Korea's new FEZ system as part of Korea's primary new economic development policy in the 21st century. Therefore, this study examines views on the weaknesses of the past ten years of FEZs so that Korea can expand its FEZ system. Research design, data, and methodology -Many countries have considered the FEZ as an economic special zone. By reviewing previous research models, this study provides an update using recent data and materials, until 2013, from the Center of Free Economic Zones. In previous studies, the lack of support systems was attributed to proposals to ensure operational autonomy and differentiation of each FEZ; however, the main cause cannot be solved through regulatory issues, as difficulties caused by the operational system are responsible for the problems. We wish to analyze the FEZ, specifically the operational system; this is the main issue of this study. Results - After the first FEZs were established, it became necessary to have basic plans, as investment results in 2013 compared to the same period this year led to lower earnings in the first half of 2014. We propose an improvement of the operational system because in the free economic zones, the operational system is the root cause of the underlying problem. The results of this research are as follows. The weak management of the FEZ system is influenced by weak investment, delayed development, foreigners' living facilities, benefits of foreign investments, the control tower's policy making decision process, quickness of the process of satisfying legal requirements, and support For the independence of FEZs. Conclusion - Local governments do not have legal rights over FEZ deregulation and investment industries. This study suggests that the local government should have more independence from the central government. Moreover, independent management committees are more effective for ensuring public rights, better employee responsibilities, and better-qualified personnel. The FEZ committee struggles to effectively manage the locations of FEZs, foreign investments, and related facilities under the control of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. Thus, the FEZ committee should be under either the Prime Minister's office or the Presidential committee, to control and effectively coordinate between the local and central governments. If the problem clearly applies to the operational system in 2013, it is necessary to provide materials and methods so that the results of the first half of 2014 can be computed despite the data limits and lack of resources, and the data can be analyzed in a more diachronic thesis.