• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.135-159
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics and economic status of deficit households compared to surplus households. Data from The Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005 by NSO and 50, 207 salary/wage earners' households were used for the analysis. The statistical methods used were GLM, logit, and cluster analyses. The analysis results showed that 25.3 percent of the households were deficit households. Approximately half of the lowest 20% income group were deficit households. Income deficit households earned 1, 273 thousand less than that of surplus households, whereas consumption of deficit households was 1, 006 thousand more than that of surplus households. The average propensity of consumption of deficit households was 142.1. According to the logit analysis, factors contributing to the probability of belonging to a deficit household included income level, household size, age and educational level, occupation, homeownership, car ownership, and wife's employment status. Deficit households were classified into 5 types: 1) health care expenditure-dominated group, 2) housing expenditure-dominated group, 3) education expenditure-dominated group, 4) money transfer-dominated group, and 5) overall-overconsumption group. The overall-overconsumption group was the largest group of all at 58.5%. It was found that for all five groups, the changes in household size, income group, home ownership, and occupation of the individual were variables that influenced the probability of belonging to a certain group.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2008

Objectives : This study examined whether serious psychological distress (SPD) is associated with occupational injury among US employees. Methods : The employed population aged 18-64 years was examined (n=101,855) using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2000-2003. SPD was measured using the Kessler 6-item Psychological Distress Scale (K-6), a screening scale designed to identify persons with serious mental illness. The predicted marginal prevalence of psychological distress and occupational injury with the adjusted odds ratio were estimated using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results : The age-adjusted 3-month prevalence of occupational injury was $0.80{\pm}0.12%$ in workers with SPD, which was 37% greater than in workers without SPD ($0.58{\pm}0.03%$). The odds of occupational injury in workers with SPD were higher compared to workers without SPD (OR=1.34, 95% CI=0.93-1.92), after controlling for sex, age, race, education, occupation, and activity limitation by at least one medical condition. Male, service and blue collar occupation, and activity limiation by co-morbidity showed significantly higher odds of occupational injury for workers with SPD. Conclusions : The findings suggest that SPD accounts for an increased likelihood of occupational injury among US employees. A further longitudinal study is needed to differentiate the mechanism or causal pathways linking individual injury risk at the workplace, SPD, and socioeconomic factors.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3080-3086
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• 2009

We have analyzed the output characteristics of a LGP with pyramid shaped pattern by using a 3-D simulation tool. The influences on the LGP output of various parameters such as the pattern shape, pattern occupation ratio, pattern size, and etching angle were investigated. Comparing the pyramid shaped pattern with hemispherical patterns, little difference was observed. And, it was proved that the pattern occupation ratio and etching angle have relatively large effects on LGP output characteristics, while the pattern size has no effect. Therefore, we can improve the LGP characteristics by optimizing pattern structure and distribution.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.200-206
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the relevance of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation by occupation ratio (OR) at maximum diameter of supraspinatus muscle. Methods: Patients from the Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital who received rotator cuff repair and underwent pre- and postoperative MRI were selected as subjects of this study. On T1-weighted MRIs, OR of fat and muscle at Y-shaped view, OR at a location on supraspinatus muscle where its diameter was maximum on coronal view, and pre- and postoperative Goutallier Classification and changes in the tangent sign were measured. Statistical significance of postoperative OR was assessed regarding time from symptom onset to surgery, size of rotator cuff tear, preoperative OR, and the difference between ORs measured at maximum diameter of supraspinatus muscle and Y-shaped view. Results: Preoperative OR at Y-shaped view was $52.28{\pm}8.57$ (32.5-65.3). Preoperative OR difference between maximum diameter and Y-shaped view was $13.76{\pm}10.51$ (2.38-42.04), and Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.604 (p=0.001). Postoperative OR at Y-shaped view was $63.77{\pm}9.35$ (37.3-76.1). Pearson correlation coefficient of pre- and postoperative Goutallier Classification was -0.579 (p=0.002) and Pearson correlation coefficient of the postoperative difference between ORs measured at maximum diameter of supraspinatus muscle and Y-shaped view was -0.386 (p=0.047). Conclusions: Fatty degeneration of supraspinatus muscle in rotator cuff tear patients should be evaluated not only in the conventional Y-shaped view, but also at location of maximum diameter of supraspinatus muscle to establish patients' therapeutic plan.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.431-441
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to compare the difference of two survey methods for health services research. Data were collected by means of two types of household survey conducted from March 11 to September 19, 1985. A probability sample of 30,613 persons was taken from 180 Enumerated Districts designated by the Economic Planning Board. The sample was divided into two groups systematically. One group was surveyed by the self-administered questionnaire and the other group was interviewed. Response rates were 81.4% and 90.6% respectively. The data were analysed by the ratio of the results of the self-administered survey to those of the interview survey. No difference was observed in sex, age, residence, or occupation between the two groups. However the respondents' characteristics were statistically different between the two groups. The major findings of this study are as follows : 1. The morbidity rate was 142.5 per 1,000 persons during the two week period by the self-administered questionnaire survey and 74.3 per 1,000 persons with the interview survey method. The ratio of the morbidity rate by the self-administered questionnaire to that by the interview was 1.92, and the difference between the two rates were due to the personal characteristics. 2. The out-patient utilization rate was 10.2 visits per person per year by the self-administered questionnaire survey and 5.4 by the interview survey, and the ratio was 1.89; the admission rate was 3.2 times per 100 persons per year by the self-administered questionnaire survey and 1.9 times by the interview survey, and the ratio was 1.68. Differences due to the sociodemographic characteristics were greater in the out-patient utilization rates than in the adimssion rates. 3. Percentages of effective medical care demand were 90.2% in the self-administered survey and 92.3% in the interview survey; the ratio was 0.98 which was less than that of the morbidity rate and medical care utilization. But, differences of effective medical care demand occurred in persons with no occupation, and aged or low educated respondents. 4. Respiratory illness had the highest frequency in the two survey methods. But there was a slight difference between the two survey methods in morbidity composition. 5. It was concluded that data collected by the interview survey were inclined to be underestimated and this problem can be corrected by a modified self-administered survey.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.396-407
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• 1999

Although tinnitus is a common disease, it's reason, pathogenesis and treatment are not examined clearly. As tinnitus is a subjective complaint, it is not easy to evaluate objectively and to compare with another. In this study, we intend to estimate the effect of a variety of oriental medical treatments to tinnitus. We inquired about 30cases of tinnitus patients visited the Kwang-ju Oriental Medical Hospital of Wonkwang University from Apr. 1998 to Sep. 1998. We examined the 30cases in the view of sex, age, occupation, duration, etiologic factors, past history, associating symptoms, quality of tinnitus, and recovery rate after treatments. The results were as follows: 1. In distribution of sex, the ratio of male was $63.3\%$(19cases)and\;female\;was\;36.6\%$(11cases). 2. In distribution of age, the ratio of the 2th decade was $6.6\%(2cases),\;the\;3th\;decade\;was\;20.0\%(6cases),\;the\;4th\;decade\;was\;16.6\%(5cases),\;the\;5th\;decade\;was\;23.3\%(7cases),\;the\;6th\;decade\;was\;30.0\%\;(9cases),and\;the\;7th\;decade\;was\;3.3\%(1case)$. 3. In distribution of occupation, the ratio of employee was $23.3\%$(7cases), house-keeper was $63.3\%(11cases),\;farmer\;was\;16.6\%(5cases),\;teacher\;was\;13.3\%$ (4cases), and student, merchant, soldier was each $3.3\%$(1case). 4. In distribution of duration, the ratio of under 1month was $6.6\%$ (2cases), 1 month -6 months was $20.0\%$(6cases), 6 months- 12months was $30.0\%$(9cases), 12months-36months was $23.3\%$(7cases), and over 36months was $20.0\%$(6cases). 5. In etiologic factor of tinnitus, the ratio of unknown reason was $40.0\%$ (12cases), overwork was $16.6\%$(5cases), emotional stress was $10.0\%$(3cases), noise was $6.6\%$(2cases), cases of laying overwork upon stress was $13.3\%$(4cases), head trauma was $3.3\%$(1case), gun report was $3.3\%$ (1case), and after sickness was $6.6\%$(2cases). 6. 9 cases had experienced such a disease as meniere's disease, tympanitis, labyrinthitis, trauma of tympanum, hypertension, etc. 7. Commonly associated symptoms were dizziness, deafness, uneasiness, headache, ear fullness, fatigue, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, and forgetfulness. 8. Most frequent quality of tinnitus were buzzing, whistling, humming etc. 9. In $76.6\%$(23cases) of tinnitus patients, it was improved, but in $23.3%$(7cases) of them, not improved. Total recovery rate was $42.2\%$.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2012

In this study, the representative hand shapes for the adult Koreans were analyzed by factor analysis and cluster analyses. The analyses were conducted on the anthropometric data of 58 hand dimensions from 325 subjects having nonhomogeneous demographics. Maximum hand circumference, first phalanx length of index finger, and ratio between the two measures were the independent variables for the cluster analyses. The results of the study showed that Korean hand shapes can be divided into 2 clusters irrespective of their size for each of the male and female group. There were slight differences in component ratio of hand shapes with respect to the occupation and the age, but their differences were not statistically significant. The representative Korean hand shapes and their anthrpometric dimensions could be used to design and establish proper sizing system for various hand operating devices.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.329-332
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• 2004

This study aims to manufacture non-sintering cement(NSC) by adding phosphogypsum(PG) and waste lime(WL) to granulated blast furnace slag(GBFS) as sulfate and alkali activators. This study also investigates the pore structure of NSC Matrix. The result of experiment of pore structure properties, showed no considerable difference for total pore volume by cement mixing ratio but shows a large distinction in distribution of pore diameter. On the whole, pore-diameter of paste of NSC show that occupation ratio of pore diameter below 10mm is larger and is smaller than OPC and BFSC at pore diameter of over 10nm. Such a reason is that the hydrate like CSH gel and ettringite formed dense pore structure of NSC matrix.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1976

To compare the maternal health status between women in island and land, the study was conducted to adjacent land (kukdong) and island (kyonghodong) areas in Yosoo city during April 1976. The results obtained from 174 interviewee in island and 192 in land areas were the same as follow, 1. General characteristics of both area. Age: Land, group 20-29 year of age was the largest. Island, 30-39 year of age was the largest. Education; Low educated group, less than primary grade (land 88.6%, island 93.1%), was predominant in both area. Occupation of herself; agriculture and labor was the main occupation (land 50%, island 82.2%) in both area. Occupation of husband: labor and fishery was general (81.2%) in land, and agriculture and fishery was general (81.6%) in island. Duration of residence; Land, 25.0% being resided here more than 10 years. Island, 64.3% being resided here more than 10 years. 2. Marriage, Pregnancy, and Present children. Average age at marriage; Land, 20.7 years. Island, 20.9 years. Average frequency of pregnancy; Land, 4.4 times. Island, 4.3 times. Wastage of pregnancies: Land, 236 per 1000 pregnancies. Island, 151 per 1000 pregnancies. Wastage occupied by induced abortion; land, 73.5%. island, 60.5%. Number and sex of present children; Land, 3.3 per family, sex ratio 52.4 to 47.6. Island, 3.6 per family, sex ratio 53.3 to 46.7. 3. Prenatal and postnatal care. Prenatal consutation: Land, 16.1% received by doctor or midwife. Island 9.2% received by doctor or midwife. Complications during last pregnancy; Land, 46.6% complained. Island, 51.1% complained. Return to work within 1 week after delivery; Land, 40.6%. Island, 50.6%. 4. Delivery environment Home delivery; Land, 97.4% Island, 97.3%. Delivery attdended by non medical professions at home; Land, 80.2% Island, 93.7%. Solo home delivery; Land, 13.0%, Island, 12.9%. Delivery attended by layman without taking any disinfective preparations; Land, 48.1%, Island, 49.1%. Material mainly used to cut umbilical cord at home; Land, scissors (97.4%). Island, scissora (98.8%). Cord cutting material used without giving any disinfective preparations; Land, 79.9%, Island, 84.0%. Delivery sheets used at home; Cement bag paper (land 50.0%, island, 31.3%). Vinyl sheets (land,17.5%, island, 27.6%). News paper (land, 3.2%. island, 11.7%). No sheets (land 19.5%. island, 12.9%). etc. Maternal Meal; Seaweed soup with rice was the most general in both area. (land 95.3%, island, 91.4%).

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to find out the factors affecting birth sex ratio which had revealed alarmingly higher in recent years. This study was conducted to get hold of the basic data such as the sex ratio of live births which had been delivered at 5 general hospitals in Taegu from 1982 to 1986. And author chose Dongsan Medical Center from those 5 hospitals for further detailed study, and reviewed 1,286 medical records of mothers who had birth in each February and March from 1984 to 1987. Of these 1,286 deliveries, 30 cases were twin deliveries, which added the total children numbers to 1,316. The findings of this study were as follows: The average of birth sex ratio( 114.5) for 5 years at five general hospitals in Taegu was slightly higher than the traditional birth sex ratio( 102-107) and the highest was 123.4 in 1985. There was no significant difference in birth sex ratio by mother's educational level, her religion nor father's occupation. The birth sex ratio of the cases whose mother was above 35 years old was significantly high(400.0), that of the cases who were born to the mothers who had more than 3rd parity was significantly high(309.5), and that of the cases whose mother had more than two daughters and no son was also significantly high (330.7). The birth sex ratio of the cases who did not have ultrasonogram on their prenatal visits was 87.8. In contrast to this, that of the cases who had ultrasonogram was significantly higher( 135.5). Of the mothers who have more than two daughters and no son' 80.4% (45 cases) had ultrasonogram and their newborn's birth sex ratio was significantly high(542.9). Of the cases who were born to more than 3rd parity mothers, 75.6%(65 cases) of their mothers had ultrasonogram and their sex ratio was significantly high(441.6). It was revealed by this study that the birth sex ratio is changed to significantly high due to sex confirmation of the fetus by ultrasonogram. Thus it is recommended that the value related to having equality of sexes must be ingrained by changing the various social systems and value systems which is now aggrevating the son preference and should provide controlling system which can prohibit the ultrasonogram for sex confirmation only.