• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.130-139
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• 2016

To determine "how humans move in space, what they want, and through which visual information they act and choose," this study aims to define in which sense space is preferred in gaze. The ultimate goal is to extract data of human visual awareness and preference in space. This study analyzed the observation characteristics perceived through observation frequency and time depending on the purpose cafe customers to understand what intension of visiting the space has on the observation characteristics which are the results obtained as information through visual perception. This research methods are as follows. First, the areas of preference in $caf{\acute{e}}$ space gazed by visual concentration are analyzed by divided into 12 by 12 grid A and B images separated depends on existence of people. Second, eye-tracking visual path in conscious gaze is analyzed to examine. Third, though the higher section frequency is likely to have more observation time, the interest area of I(3sec/180), II(6sec/360) and III(9sec/540) had higher frequency of Intention. The followings are the results of this study. First, the time range for searching or wandering and the observation characteristics could be estimated by the meaning of observation time by grade with the time-range out of the distribution of sections. Second, at the time distribution by section, when there was intention, the observation time was found to have higher occupation. In conclusion, this study is to determine the correlation of human concentration gazing at space images. It is an exploratory research on research methodologies, and aims to develop methodologies and provide basic data to plan attractive spaces in light of the subconscious of consumers in the future by interpreting gaze data related to concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.885-891
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• 1995

This paper discussed on the observation of dynamic domain patterns using Lorentz SEM in the frequency region of 50 Hz-10 kHz. The observed dynamic domain patterns were compared with the simulated ones. The observation rrethod is characterized by using the slight difference between the exciting frequency and the multiples of the scannning frequency of SEM.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2014

This study has analyzed the meaning of observation time in the course of acquiring the information of subjects who observed the space of hall in subway stations to figure out the process of spatial information excluded and the features of intensive searching. The followings are the results from the analysis of searching process with the interpretation of the process for information acquirement through the interpretation of observation area and time. First, based on the general definition of observation time, the reason for analyzing the features of acquiring spatial information according to the subjects' observation time has been established. The feature of decreased analysis data reflected that of observation time in the process of perceiving and recognizing spatial information, which showed that the observation was focused on the enter of the space during the time spent in the process of observing the space and the spent time with considerable exclusion of bottom end (in particular, right bottom end). Second, while the subjects were observing the space of hall in subway stations, they focused on the top of the left center and the signs on the right exit the most, which was followed by the focus on the both side horizontally and the clock on the top. Third, the analysis of consecutive observation frequency enabled the comparison of the changes to the observation concentration by area. The difference of time by area produced the data with which the change to the contents of spatial searching in the process of searching space could be known. Fourth, as the observation frequency in the area of I changed [three times -> six times -> 9 times], the observation time included in the area increased, which showed the process for the change from perception to recognition of information with the concentration of attention through visual information. It makes it possible to understand that more time was spent on the information to be acquired with the exclusion of the unnecessary information around.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.127.1-127.1
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• 2011

Over the past several years the millimeter wave VLBI(Veryl Long Baseline Interferometry) observations have been intensively carried out. However In millimeter and sub-millimeter waves observations for VLBI, it is crucial to calibrate correctly the phase variations of the electromagnetic waves propagation through the troposphere. To do this, KVN(Korean VLBI Network) has a unique multi-frequency bands receiver system which is able to perform the simultaneous observations in up to four bands such as 22, 43, 86, and 129GHz. The phase of a source at 22GHz can be used to calibrate the phase of the same source at higher frequency bands. The phase calibration using multi-frequency bands receiver system is possible because the phase fluctuations from a given amount of waver vapor increase linearly with frequency. That is to say that troposphere is non-dispersive property in terms of tropospheric delay fluctuations. In this talk, We present results of test observation for multi-frequency bands receiver system.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.76-85
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• 2014

When conscious and unconscious exploring information of space-visitors which is contained in the information acquired in the process of seeing any space is analyzed, it can be found what those visitors pick up as factors in the space for its selection as visual information in order to put it into action. This study, with the object of the space reproduced in three dimensions from the cafe which was visited for conversation, has analyzed the process of acquiring space-information by sex to find out the features of scanning path, findings of which are the followings. First, the rate of scanning type of males was "Combination (50.5%)- Circulation (31.0%) and that of females "Horizontal (32.5%) - Combination (32.1%)", which shows that there was a big difference by sex in the scanning path which took place in the process of observing any space. Second, when the features of continuous observation frequency by sex is looked into, the trends of increased "horizontal" scanning and decreased "Combination" scanning of both showed the same as the frequency of continuous observations increased, while in case of "Circulation" scanning, that of females was found to decrease but that of males showed the aspect of confusion. Third, the 'Combination' scanning of males was found strong at the short observation time with three times of continuous observation frequency defined as "Attention Concentration" while the distinct feature was seen that the scanning type was dispersed to "combination-circulation" as the frequency of continuous observation increased. Females start the information acquirement with "combination-circulation" but in the process of visual appreciation they showed a strong "Horizontal" These scanning features can be defined as those by sex for acquiring space information and therefore are very significant because they are fundamental studies which will enable any customized space-design by sex.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.189-199
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• 2007

In this paper, we describe the proposed KVN (Korean VLBI Network) clock system in order to make the observation of the VLBI effectively. In general, the GPS system is widely used for the time information in the single dish observation. In the case of VLBI observation, a very high precise frequency standard is needed to perform the observation in accordance with the observation frequency using the radio telescope with over 100km distance. The objective of the high precise clock system is to insert the time-tagging information to the observed data and to synchronize it with the same clock in overall equipments which used in station. The AHM (Active Hydrogen Maser) and clock system are basically used as a frequency standard equipments at VLBI station. This system is also adopted in KVN. The proposed KVN clock system at each station consists of the AHM, GPS time comparator, standard clock system, time distributor, and frequency standard distributor. The basic experiments were performed to check the AHM system specification and to verify the effectiveness of implemented KVN clock system. In this paper, we briefly introduce the KVN clock system configuration and experimental results.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.101-121
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• 2005

The frequency of clinical observation and clinical practice and satisfaction among dental hygiene students were investigated during the clinical practice process. The results were analyzed to come up with a more effective clinical practice program and provide basic data that would aid in actual operation of clinical practice. The tool used in this study was a survey composed of 11 areas with a total of 55 questions. It was distributed to 471 graduating dental hygiene students at 5 different universities. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was .975. The data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 for Windows. Significance was determined at ${\alpha}$=0.05. The results were as follows. 1. The results of analyzing the frequency of clinical observation according to the different clinical areas showed that the score was the highest in the area of basic diagnosis, followed by prosthodontics, operative dentistry, hospital service management, oral surgery, oral radiology, periodontics, preventive dentistry, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, and oral medicine. 2. The results of analyzing the frequency of clinical performance according to different clinical areas showed that the score was the highest in the area of basic diagnosis, followed by operative dentistry, oral surgery, prosthodontics, oral radiology, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, oral medicine, preventive dentistry, endodontics and hospital service management 3. The area that showed most significance difference between the frequency of clinical observation and the frequency of clinical performance was the area of hospital service management, followed by prosthodontics, periodontics, preventive dentistry, oral radiology, oral medicine/oral surgery, orthodontics, operative dentistry, and pediatric dentistry. 4. When satisfaction in dental hygiene students was analysed according to different clinical areas, they were most satisfied practicing in basic diagnosis, followed by operative dentistry, prosthodontics, oral surgery, oral radiology, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, preventive dentistry, hospital service management, periodontics, and oral medicine.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.128.1-128.1
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• 2011

We present the results of the first simultaneous dual-frequency VLBI observation with KVN (Korean VLBI Network). The KVN has a unique multi-frequency receiving system performing simultaneous observations at four frequencies, such as 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, in order to calibrate the atmospheric phase fluctuations, which cause a severe degradation of an interferometric coherence in mm-VLBI regime. In order to test the multi-frequency phase referencing capability of KVN, we observe the bright continuum VLBI source, NRAO 150 at two different frequencies of 21.7 (K band) and 43.4 (Q band) GHz simultaneously. The VLBI fringe phases at K and Q bands show a tight correlation of phase behaviors and the results of phase referencing (residual phase, coherence etc) are promising for achieving excellent phase referencing observations with KVN. The KVN will be able to open new perspectives in the multi-frequency study of VLBI.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.4E
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• pp.152-157
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• 2005

In this paper, a new data-aided joint phase and frequency estimator, which has very low computational complexity, is proposed and its variances of phase and frequency estimates are derived. To estimate the phase and frequency offset, first of all, the overall observation interval is divided into same length sub-intervals, and then phase estimates are independently computed based on symbols of the each sub-intervals. To be continue the sequence of computed phase estimates, proper integer multiples of $2{\pi}$ are added to (or subtracted from) the computed phase estimates, which is called linearized phase estimate. The phase offset of the proposed joint estimator is estimated by averaging the linearized phase estimates and the frequency offset by averaging the differences between consecutive linearized phase estimates. The variance of the proposed phase offset estimate is same to MCRB of phase if there is no frequency offset, but it is smaller than MCRB of phase if there is frequency offset. However, the variance of the proposed frequency offset estimate is bigger by at least 0.5 dB than MCRB of frequency with the same observation interval.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.106-115
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• 2017

This study has analysed the characteristics of observation by presence of objects in exhibition spaces through eye-tracking. The area with prevailing observation by the change of observation time with visual-perception response to the presence of objects has been analyzed to figure out the mechanism of sensibility estimation which can take place while the visual-perception is being estimated in spaces. Research results are able to ascertain that First, it was very characteristic that the signs right and left were observed more when there were no objects while when there were objects they were observed prevailingly. Second, the characteristics by section when there were any objects showed that there were more high observation scale I (more than 1000ms). When there were any objects with the number of areas where all the participants prevailed commonly, the scale was more, also. Third, in the process of acquiring any visual-perception information in spaces, the element of landmark can be regarded as a control point for space cognition, where the objects (people) became landmark when there were the objects but the signs became landmark when there were no objects. Fourth, the polynomial trend line of the changes to prevailing observation frequency by observation time shows that there was a gradual average value in general when there were any objects and then after the time range[8] the prevailing observation frequency increased. Without any objects, after a particular time range the value sharply dropped along with the increase of observation time because no objects to be observed prevailingly couln't be seen. The gradual average value means that some elements in the space were prevailingly observed all the time.