• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2011

Backgroud: The objective was to evaluate the distance from the skin and the diameter of the piriformis muscle and their relationship to the body mass index (BMI). Methods: The study was a prospective study involving 60 patients. Patients were prepared on a radiological table in the prone position. Several images were obtained of each. In this view, the distance between the subcutaneous tissue and the piriformis muscle, and the diameter of the piriformis, were measured at three points (medially to laterally). Results: The distance to the piriformis from the skin was $6.6{\pm}0.9\;cm$, $6.3{\pm}0.8\;cm$, and $5.2{\pm}0.9\;cm$ in terms of the lateral, center, and medial measurement, respectively. The center of the piriformis had a greater diameter with $1.7{\pm}0.4\;cm$ (0.9-2.5) cm. The distance to the piriformis increased with BMI. Conclusions: This study shows that the lateral of the piriformis muscle has a relatively greater distance from the skin. The center of the piriformis showed a greater diameter than other two portions. We found that the distance of the piriformis from subcutaneous tissues was correlated with BMI, but the diameter of the piriformis was not affected by BMI. These measurements can be used as a reference for determining the piriformis injection site in patients with piriformis syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.130-132
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• 2006

Objective of this study was conducted to determine the proper transplanting distance for turf cultivation in the bare land. For investigating the proper transplanting distance of turf cultivation, it were measured the growth characteristics as plant height, root length, number of branching, number of nodule and length of stolon, and yield properties such as fresh weight and dry matter. In $30{\times}30cm$ of transplanting distance plot, plant height, root length, number of branching, number of nodule and length of stolen were 14.1cm, 22.0cm, 7.0, 31 and 77.5cm, and also the fresh weight and dry matter were 16.1 and 11.0g/plant, respectively. It was observed that growth characteristics and yield properties were highest at $30{\times}30cm$ of transplanting distance, respectively. Therefore, it considered that the proper transplanting distance was $30{\times}30cm$ for turf cultivation in the bare soil.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2016

Purpose: Automated guidance systems (AGSs) for mobile farm machinery have several advantages over manual operation in the crop production industry. Many researchers and companies have tried to develop such a system. However, it is not easy to evaluate the performance of an AGS because there is no established device used to evaluate it that complies with the ISO 12188 standard. The objective of this study was to develop a tracking sensor system using five laser distance measurement sensors. Methods: One sensor-for long-range distance measurement-was used to measure travel distance and velocity. The other four sensors-for mid-range distance measurement-were used to measure lateral deviation. Stationary, manual driving, and A-B line tests were conducted, and the results were compared with the real-time kinematic differential global positioning system (RTK-DGPS) signal used by the AGS. Results: For the stationary test, the average error of the tracking sensor system was 1.99 mm, and the average error of the RTK-DGPS was 15.19 mm. For the two types of driving tests, the data trends were similar. A comparison of the changes in lateral deviation showed that the data stability of the developed tracking system was better. Conclusions: Although the tracking system was not capable of measuring long travel distances under strong sunlight illumination because of the long-range sensor's limitations, this dilemma could be overcome using a higher-performance sensor.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2008

Objective: The length of anterior-posterior commissure (AC-PC) in racial groups, age, gender of patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS) and pallidotomy were investigated. Methods: From January 1996 to December 2003, 211 patients were treated with DBS and pallidotomy. There were 160 (76%) Caucasians, 35 (17%) Hispanics, 12 (5%) Asians and 4 Blacks (2%). There were 88 males and 52 females in DBS-surgery group and 44 males, 27 females in pallidotomy group. Mean age was 58 year-old. There were 19 males and 19 females and mean age was 54.7 years in the control group. Measurements were made on MRI and @Target software. Results: The average AC-PC distance was 24.89 mm (range 32 to 19), which increased with aging until 75 years old in Caucasian and also increased with aging in Hispanic, but the AC-PC distance peaked at 45 years old in Hispanic. The order of AC-PC distance were $24.6{\pm}2$ mm in Caucasian, $24.6{\pm}2.24$ mm in Asian, 24.53 mm in Black, $23.6{\pm}1.98$ mm in Hispanic. The average AC-PC distance in all groups was 24.22 mm in female who was mean age of 56.35, 25.28 mm in male who was mean age of 60.19 and $24.5{\pm}2$ mm in control group that was excluded because of the difference of thickness of slice. According to multiple regression analysis, the AC-PC distance was significantly correlated with age, race, and gender. Conclusion: The AC-PC distance is significantly correlated with age, gender, and race. The atlas of functional stereotaxis would be depended on the Variation of indivisual brain that can influenced by aging, gender, and race.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of the dilution ratio of Tris diluent, storage at 0℃, and long-distance transportation on the spermatozoa of Simmental cattle. It also validated the feasibility of the regional distribution of fresh semen. Methods: In experiment 1, semen was diluted at four dilution ratios (1:6, 1:9, 1:12, and 1:15) to determine the optimal dilution ratio of Tris diluent. In experiment 2, we assessed sperm viability, progressive motility (objectively assessed by computer-assisted sperm analyzer), and acrosome intactness in Tris dilutions kept at constant 0℃ for 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days. We compared them to Tianshan livestock dilutions (Commercial diluent). In experiment 3, semen was diluted using Tris diluent, and sperm quality was measured before and after long-distance transport. Artificial insemination of 177 Simmental heifers compared to 156 using Tianshan Livestock dilution. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that 1:9 was the ideal Tris diluent dilution ratio. The sperm viability, Progressive Motility, and acrosome integrity of both Tris and Tianshan dilutions preserved at 0℃ gradually decreased over time. sperm viability was above 50% for both dilutions on d 9, with a flat rate of decline. The decrease in acrosome integrity rate was faster for Tianshan livestock dilutions than for Tris dilutions when stored at 0℃ for 1 to 6 days. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in sperm viability between semen preserved in Tris diluent after long-distance transportation and semen preserved in resting condition. The conception rates for Tris dilution and Tianshan livestock dilution were 49.15% and 46.15% respectively, with no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: This shows that Tris diluent is a good long-term protectant. It has been observed that fresh semen can be successfully preserved for long-distance transport when stored under 0℃ conditions. Additionally, it is feasible to distribute semen regionally.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.2
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• pp.202-214
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose a modified FCM (MFCM) algorithm to solve the problems of the FCM algorithm and the fuzzy clustering algorithm using an average intracluster distance (FCAID). The MFCM algorithm grants the regular grade of membership in the small size of cluster. And it clears up the convergence problem of objective function because its objective function is designed according to the grade of membership of it, verified, and used for clustering data. So, it can solve the problem of the FCM algorithm in different size of cluster and the FCAID algorithm in the convergence problem of objective function. To verify the MFCM algorithm, we compared with the result of the FCM and the FCAID algorithm in data clustering. From the experimental results, the MFCM algorithm has a good performance compared with others by classification entropy.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.729-736
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• 2011

The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is regarded as a classical method of multiple attribute decision making (MADM), often used to solve various decision-making or selection problems. It is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest distance from the positive ideal solution and the farthest distance from the negative ideal solution. The TOPSIS can be applied to a design process for carrying out multi-objective shape optimization wherein the best and worst alternatives are to be decided. In this paper, multi-objective shape optimization using the TOPSIS and Rational Bezier curve was applied to the funnel of a cathode-ray tube (CRT). In order to minimize the weight and first principal stress, a new multi-objective shape optimization methodology is proposed, wherein the relative-closeness coefficients of the TOPSIS are defined as the performance indices of a multi-objective function and evaluated by response surface models. This methodology enables the designer to decide on the best solution from a number of design specification groups by examining the various conflicts between the weight and the first principal stress.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.671-678
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• 2009

This paper presents target operation voltage guidelines of each voltage control area considering both voltage stability and economical efficiency in real power system. EMS(Energy Management System) data, Real-time simulator, shows not only voltage level but lots of information about real power system. Also this paper performs optimal power flow calculation of three objective functions to propose the best target operation voltage. objective function of interchange power flow maximum and active power loss minimization stand for economical efficiency index and reactive power reserve maximum objective unction represents stability index. Then through simulation result using optimazation technique, the most effective objective function is chosen. To sum up, this paper divides voltage control area into twelve considering electric distance characteristics and estimate or voltage level by the passage of time of EMS peak data. And through optimization technique target operation voltage of each voltage control area is estimated and compare heir result. Then it is proposed that the best scenario to keep up voltage stability and maximize economical efficiency in real power system.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.103-108
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• 2017

In the ubiquitous environment, there has been a problem of transmitting data from various sensors at a long distance. Especially, in the process of integrating data arriving at different locations, data having different property values of data or having some loss in data had to be processed. This paper present a method to analyze such data. The core of this method is to define an objective function suitable for the problem and to develop an algorithm that can optimize this objective function. The objective function is used by modifying the OCS function. MFA (Mean Field Annealing), which was able to process only binary data, is extended to be applicable to fields with continuous values. It is called CMFA and used as an optimization algorithm.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-82
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• 2005

The shape of $7\times7$ pin-fins heat sink is optimized numerically to obtain the minimum pressure drop and thermal resistance. In this study, the fin height (h), fin width (w), and fan-to-heat sink distance (c) are chosen as the design variables and the pressure drop $({\Delta}P)$ and thermal resistance $(\theta_j)$ are adopted as the objective functions. To obtain the optimum design values, we used the finite volume method for calculating the objective functions, the BFGS method for solving the unconstrained non-linear optimization problem, and the weighting method for predicting the multi-objective problem. The results show that the optimum design variables for the weighting coefficient of 0.5 are as follows: W=4.653 mm, h=59.215mm, and c=2.667mm. The objective functions corresponding to the optimal design are calculated as ${\Delta}P=6.82$ Pa and $(\theta_j)=0.56K/W$. The Pareto solutions are also presented for various weighting coefficients and they will offer very useful data to design the pin-fins heat sink.