• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

Microwave assisted biodiesel production from crude Pongamia pinnata oil using homogeneous base catalyst (KOH) was unsuccessful because of considerable soap formation. Therefore, a two step process of biodiesel production from high free fatty acid (FFA) oil was investigated. In first step, crude P. pinnata oil was acid catalyzed using $H_2SO_4$ and acid value of oil was reduced to less than 4 mg KOH/g. Effect of sulfuric acid concentration, alcohol-oil molar ratio and microwave irradiation time on acid value of oil was studied. Result suggested that 1.5% $H_2SO_4$ (w/w), 6:1 methanol oil molar ratio and 3 min microwave irradiation time was sufficient to reduce the acid value of oil from 12 and 22 mg KOH/g to 2.9 and 3.9 mg/KOH/g, respectively. Oil obtained after pretreatment was subsequently used for microwave assisted alkali catalyzed transesterification. A higher biodiesel yield (99.0%) was achieved by adopting two step processes. Microwave energy efficiency during alkali catalyzed transesterification was also investigated. The results suggested a significant energy saving because of reduced reaction time under microwave heating.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.275-286
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• 1997

The effects of water-and oil-repellent finishes on the surface characteristics of polyester fabrics were investigated in this study. Three kinds of fluoropolyment were selected as water=and oil-repellent finishing agents. The effects of water-and oil-repellent finishes were determined by the water repellency and oil repellency. The surface properties of untreated and treated polyester fabrics were evaluated with respects to crease resistance, contact angle and wicking time. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The polyester fabrics treated with fluoropolymers showed much higher water repellency and oil repellency than those of untreated polyester fabrics. Water-and oil-repellency of fabrics were increased with the crystallinity and the hydrophobic-hydrophillic components of fluoropolymers. 2. Water repellency of fabrics treated with fluoropolymer with hydrophobic components was the highest. Oil repellency of fabrics treated with fluoropolymer with high crystallinity was the highest. Water-and oil-repellency of fabrics treated with fluoropolymer with hydrophyllic components was low comparatively. 3. The crease resistance of polyester fabrics treated with fluoropolymer nearly approached to that of untreated polyester fabric. 4. The water-and oil-repellent finishes improved contact angle markedly. Especially the contact angle of ployester fabric treated with fluropolymer with hydrophobic component was the biggest. 5. The wicking time of polyester fabric treated with fluropolymer with hydrophobic component was the longest.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.367-373
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• 2011

This research is a basic researching process for producing solid fuel that mixing paper sludge and Heat Transfer Medium Oil. Under the presence of Heat Transfer Medium Oil, paper sludge is heated and dried with home appliance microwave for comparing drying efficiency and energy efficiency of different types of drying method. As a result, Heat Transfer Medium Oil and paper mixing case of drying method, OMD, is the most efficient way to shorten the time for evaporating moisture in the paper sludge. In addition, heat transfer effect and density is increased with adding Heat Transfer Medium Oil by microwave. Future more, OMD's energy cost for evaporating whole moisture is 78% cheaper than MD. Also, OMD process shows the best energy efficiency with comparing other process. Evaporation rate of paper sludge evaporation process with microwave is 11.66% increased by adding Heat Transfer Medium Oil 150g. Preheating Heat Transfer Medium Oil or improving different ways injecting Heat Transfer Medium Oil is a good way to increase a rate of initiative moisture evaporation process.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.552-562
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• 1994

The study was designed to observe the effect of different dietary fats on the incidence of colorectal tumor and in vivo cell proliferation in colon carcinogenesis. Male Sprague Dawley rats were intrarectally infused with chemical carcinogen(methylnitrosourea, MNU) and fed 16%(w/w) fat diet containing one of dietary fats(beef tallow, corn oil, perilla oil) for 30 weeks. To measure in vivo cell proliferation, the incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine(BrdU) into DNA was localized using the monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody. Large number of tumors were found in the distal colon and tumor incidence was increased in the order of perilla oil(57.7%)$\alpha$-linolenic acid rich in perilla oil could have a protective effect against colon cancer compared to saturated fatty acid or n-6 linoleic acid.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.67-73
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the supplementary effects of the rice germ oil compared with soy bean oil on blood glucose level of non-insulin dependent diabetic mice. Forty diabetic KK mice were fed two kinds of experimental diets with 20% lipid from soy bean oil as a control(CO) and rice germ oil(RG) for 8 weeks, respectively. Diet intake, body weight, organs weights and lipids levels of serum, liver and feces were measured. There was no significant difference in food and water intake, body weight gain and organs weights between experimental groups. The concentrations of fasting and random blood glucose were similar between CO and RG groups. There was no significant difference in blood glucose levels after glucose treatment during the glucose tolerance test between two groups. The levels of $HbA_{1c}$ as the index of blood glucose status, and insulin were similar in two groups. These results suggested that rice germ oil can't reduce blood glucose concentration of non-insulin dependent diabetic mice compared with soybean oil. But we need to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of rice germ oil by changing supplementary level and period.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.59-65
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the supplementary effects of the rice germ oil compared with soy bean oil on lipid metabolism of non-insulin dependent diabetic mice. Forty diabetic KK mice were fed two kinds of experimental diets with 20% lipid from soy bean oil as a control(CO) and rice germ oil(RG) for 8 weeks, respectively. Diet intake, body weight, organs weights and lipids levels of serum, liver and feces were measured. There was no significant difference in food and water intake, body weight gain and organs weights between experimental groups. But the concentrations of serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were lower in RG group than in CO group. The hepatic total lipid and total cholesterol levels of RG group were significantly lower than those of CO group. The contents of total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol excreted in feces of RG group were higher than those of CO group. These results suggested that rice germ oil can reduce serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and hepatic total lipid concentration of non-insulin dependent diabetic mice compared with soybean oil due to increasing fecal lipid excretion. But we need to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of this oil by supplementary level and period.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.569-572
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• 2007

The effectiveness of Palmarosa, Neroli and Jasmin blending oil on dry skin of rat induced by kitchen detergent are investigated. The experimental groups were divided the control group, group treated with surfactant, group treated with Palmarosa and Neroli, and group with Palmarosa, Neroli and Jasmin. Observation of epidermis and the alteration of mast cell were performed with photomicroscope. According to the epidermis morphological changes analysis, the A3 group treated with Palmarosa, Neroli and Jasmin blending oil was appeared the most similar with the control group, and the A2 group applied with Palmarosa and Neroli blending oil was sequently displayed similar characteristics. The collagen layer's breakaway resulting from Palmarosa essential oil, the collagen layer's restoration resulting from Neroli essential oil, the collagen layer's retention hyperkeratosis resulting from Jasmin essential oil were observed in the structure of the epidermal layer. In photomicrosope observation of mast cell to examine the inflammatory reactions, the increase in size and number of mast cell were showed in A1 group treated with surfactant compared to the control group. The number of mast cells definitely decreased in groups which were treated with Palmarosa, Neroli and Jasmin blending oil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.152-157
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• 2003

This study represents the newly advanced formulation of hydraulic fluids for extended drain interval and introduces the performance results of used oil samples from various excavators. The used oil samples, in this paper show that there is a sharp change in viscosity drop and moderate additive depletion when viscosity index of hydraulic oil is very high. For the extension of hydraulic fluid life, it is necessary to improve the stability of viscosity and oxidation. New target properties from the used oil analysis were proposed for extended life. Performance of newly developed hydraulic oil based on used oil analysis is compared with previously used one. The properties of new formulation are the viscosity index of 140 and improved thermal stability consists of VHVI base oil. Field test results showed the possibility of extension of fluid life. Additionally, for development of high performance product, new required properties and performances were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.287-292
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• 2012

Light effects on temperature dependence of safflower oil oxidation and tocopherol degradation were studied. Safflower oil was oxidized at 20, 40, 60, or $80^{\circ}C$ for 30, 30, 15, and 6 days, respectively, in the dark or under light. Oil oxidation was evaluated with peroxide value (POV) and conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) value, and tocopherols were monitored by HPLC. Safflower oil consisted of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids at 7.3, 2.0, 14.2, and 76.6%, respectively, with tocopherols at 1157.1 mg/kg. Peroxide and CDA values of safflower oil increased while tocopherol contents decreased with the oxidation time and temperature. Light increased and accelerated the oil oxidation and tocopherol degradation. Temperature dependence of the oil oxidation and tocopherol degradation was higher in the dark rather than under light. The results suggest that temperature control could be more essential in the dark rather than under light with regard to the oxidative stability of safflower oil.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2006

Enzymatic ethanolysis of fish oil with immobilized lipase was investigated for reducing the free fatty acid contents and enhancing the function of fish oil. Ethanolysis reactions were carried out in erlenmeyer flask (25ml) containing a mixture of squid viscera oil and 99.9% ethanol using 1% (based on w/w squid viscera oil) immobilized lipase. The reaction mixtures were incubated at $50^{\circ}C$ and shaken at 100rpm. Ethanol was added into the mixture by stepwise addition method of Shinmada[9]. Measurement of free fatty acid molar amounts was studied by Acid Value. Tendency of oil variation during transesterification was studied by TLC method. Enzymatic ethanolysis composed diglyceride, monoglyceride and fatty acid ethyl ester with reducing free fatty acid contents. Also, selective ethanolysis by Lipozyme TL-IM and Lipozyme RM-IM mostly did not react at the sn-2 position of squid viscera oil. Lipozyme RM-IM was more suitable enzyme to reduce the free fatty acid contents by ethanolysis than Lipozyme TL-IM. Squid viscera oil was transformed into suitable properties (5 in Acid Value) for functional fish oil production.