Kim, Hye-Kyeong;Kwon, Jong-Sook;Kim, Chan;Kim, Jun-Ho;Kim, Chul-Hyun;Kim, Kyung-Min
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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v.13
no.2
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pp.164-175
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2008
This study was performed to compare food consumption patterns, dietary behavior, and nutrition knowledge between Korean professional soccer players and the non-athletic males. Data were collected from 53 soccer players working for Korean professional soccer clubs and 44 non-athletic males, using self-administered questionnaires. There were significant differences in food consumption frequency between two groups. Meats and eggs, fishes and shellfishes, sea weeds were consumed more frequently by the soccer players. The frequency scores of foods rich in iron, calcium, and protein were also higher in the soccer players compared with the non-athletes. Meanwhile, the consumption of alcohol was more frequent in the non-athletes. As for the cooking method, the soccer players showed higher preference for steaming/parboiling and consumed raw vegetables and fruits more frequently than the non-athletic males (p < 0.05). The average scores of soccer players on nutrition knowledge for basic nutrition and athletic nutrition were lower than the respective values of the non-athletic males. However, the soccer players showed better eating behaviors and dietary habits compared with non-athletic males (p < 0.001). They had well-balanced, regular diet and good habits for chronic disease prevention. No significant relationship could be observed with respect to nutrition knowledge and nutritional behavior. Moreover, the experience of getting nutrition information did not affect either nutrition knowledge score or nutritional habits score, except that for habits of chronic disease prevention in non-athletes. Therefore, it is suggested that more effective and practical nutrition education program be needed for promoting healthy eating habits and improving nutritional status in young males.
This study targeted 4,572 middle-aged women to examine the relationship between nutritional status and dietary inflammatory index according to blood glucose level using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Data were analyzed using complex survey chi-square, General Linear Model and logisitc regression in SPSS Win 25.0 program. Women with high blood glucose (normal blood sugar→diabetes) had high rates of obesity and blood TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio. On the other hand, the Mean Adequacy Ratio (10 nutrients) and the intake of anti-inflammatory foods: beans, seeds, mushrooms, and fruits, were lower in the diabetic category. When we analysed the association between blood glucose and the Dietary Inflammatory Index, the risk of pre-diabetes and diabetes was significantly higher in the most pro-inflammatory diet category (Q5) compared to the most anti-inflammatory diet category (Q1). These findings suggest that nutritional education emphasizing the intake of various foods should be effectively conducted effectively in order to improve blood glucose among middle-aged women.
This study aims to find out how the nutrition and eating habit education that Korean adolescents receive at school actually affects and affects their dietary culture. he subject and method of this study was a secondary analysis study using the data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey(2022). Statistical significance was confirmed using the SPSS program as the frequency of breakfast, reason for skipping breakfast, fruit, high-caffeinated beverage, sweet beverage, fast food, vegetable, milk, water, and late-night snack intake frequency as variables. There was a significant difference in breakfast, fast food, and late-night snacks between the group that received nutrition and eating habits education at school and the group that did not(p<.001). Regarding breakfast consumption, the group that received education showed a higher proportion of students eating breakfast for seven days or more, whereas the group that did not receive education showed a higher proportion of students who did not eat breakfast at all. The group that did not receive education showed a higher proportion of students who did not drink milk, and a higher proportion of students who drank less than one cup of water per day. This study can serve as a foundation for further studies to improve nutritional and dietary education, breakfast consumption, and beverage intake in schools. It was hoped that this study will contribute to developing more effective nutritional and dietary education strategies in schools.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between adolescent smoking and antioxidant vitamins. Subjects were 87 non-smokers and 90 smokers. who were female high school students. Smokers were divided into tow groups by smoking status, 35 light smokers (packyear<1) and 53 heavy smokers(packyear$\geq$1). Dietary intakes were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes of vitamin C and A were analyzed by smoking status using Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-PRO). Serum vitamin C level was measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method and serum levels of vitamin A and E were measured by HPLC. Erythrocyte lipid peroxide levels was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. The mean vitamin C intakes of non-smokers, light smokers and heavy smokers were 58.2mg/day, 50.1 mg/day 58.1mg/day, respectively. The mean vitamin A intakes of non-smokers, light and heavy smokers were 28.1$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day, 278.7$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day and 289.6$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day, respectively. There was no significant difference in dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins by smoking status. However, the serum vitamin C level, 11.40mg/l in heavy smokers was 12% lower than that of than that of 12.70mg/l in non-smokers. The serum vitamin A level was not significantly different among the groups. Vitamin E level, 8.79mg/l in heavy smokers was 8% lower than that of 9.53mg/l in non-smokers. There was no significant correlation between the dietary intakes and serum levels of vitamin A and C. The erythrocyte TBARS level, 1.90nmol/ml in light smokers was significantly lower (p<0.05) than 2.71 nmol/ml in heavy smokers or non-smokers. The correlation data showed that the cerythrocyte TBARS level had a significant positive correlation with packyear. Overall results might suggest that cigarette smokers with a longer smoking history need more dietary intakes of vitamin C and E than do non-smokers to reach the same serum level.
The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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v.12
no.3
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pp.43-64
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2011
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide the nutritional education data of the fruit and vegetable eating habits and dietary fiber intake of male and female high school students in the Daegu area. Methods: A survey was conducted on 300 male/female students from four general high schools in the City of Daegu, and the survey included questions ongeneral characteristics, dietary habits, eating behavior patterns and dietary intake. A 24-hour recall method was used for the dietary intake, and the surveyed dietary intake information was analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program (CAN 3.0)--dietary fiber intake, in particular. The data was analyzed using the SPSS window 12.0 program. Results: The average ages of boys and girls were 16.8- and 15.6-years old, respectively. A classification based on BMI showed the following: the low-weight student group was comprised of 10.3% boys and 31.6% girls; the normal-weight group 68.4% boys and 67.5% girls; and the overweight group 21.3% boys and 0.9% girls, whereby showing a significant difference between boys and girls. Vegetable intake showed the following: the ratio of the response of 'taking it once a day' was more than 70%, which showed the low frequency of fruit intake; the ratio of 'taking it more than five times a week' was 53.0% for boys and 68.4% for girls, which showed a higher intake frequency for girls over boys; and the daily dietary fiber per 1,000kcal was 7.1g for boys and 8.2g for girls, whereby showing a significant difference between boys and girls. The meals that contributed most to dietary fiber intake were the school meals, whereas the dietary fiber intake rate through breakfast was the lowest among the three daily meals. The food groups that contributed to dietary fiber intake were vegetable, grains and flavoring matters for boys and vegetable, grains and fruits for girls. Conclusions: In order to increase the daily dietary intake for growing adolescents, who are in an important stage for building the foundation of health, it's recommended that, in addition to the supplement for insufficient dietary fiber through a regular breakfast consisting of high dietary fiber content foods, nutrition-related education about the effects of dietary fiber on the human body be conducted.
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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v.18
no.2
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pp.313-323
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2017
This study is a descriptive study that investigates the factors that affect the frailty of the elderly in the late period. The data were collected using a questionnaire during the period from 1 to 31 of December 2013. The subjects were 301 elderly people aged 70 years living in M city. The data were analyzed using a $x^2$ test, t-test, and ANOVA with the SPSS Statistics 18.0 program. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to examine the factors that affect the weakness of elderly people. The results showed that 15.3% of the elderly living at home were frail. The factors that affect the frailty of the elderly were sex (p<0.01), nutritional status (p<0.01), cognition function (p<0.01), ADL (p<0.01), IADL (p<0.05), visual acuity (p<0.05), and chewing discomfort (p<0.05). A higher the degree of frailty was associated with women, poorer nutritional status, higher impairments to perform the daily activities (ADL and IADL), poorer hearing, and more feeling of chewing discomfort. These results can explain the frailty of elderly people over 70 years of age in a local community and the variables of health. The results suggest that the development of a comprehensive program for the elderly with weak physical, emotional, and functional health should be given priority.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations among the anthropometry, serum lipid levels and nutrient intake in Korean female university students. The subjects were 119 female students at a university located in Incheon. This study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric data were measured and blood lipid levels were analyzed. Nutrient intake collected from 3 day-recalls was analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. The data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 program. Average age, height and weight of the subjects were 20.9 years, 160.1cm and 54.3kg, respectively. Average serum TG (triglyceride), total cholesterol, HDL-C (high density lipoprotein-cholesterol) and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) levels of the subjects were 69.47mg/dl, 146.85 mg/dl, 50.49mg/dl and 82.52mg/dl, respectively. Average AI (atherogenic index) of the subjects was 2.03, which was in the normal range based on risk values. Average intake of most nutrients except protein, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin C and phosphorus were lower than the Korean RDA. Especially calcium and iron intakes of the subjects were under 65% of the Korean RDA. Serum TG, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were negatively correlated with DBP (diastolic blood pressure). HDL-C/LDL-C and HDL-C/total cholesterol were positively correlated with height. Age was positively correlated with phosphorus intake. DBP of the subjects was positively correlated with calcium and iron intakes. Serum TG level was positively correlated with total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and AI, while negatively correlated with HDL-C/total cholesterol. Total cholesterol level was positively correlated with HDL-C, LDL-C and AI, while negatively correlated with HDL-C/LDL-C, HDL-C/total cholesterol. HDL-C level was positively correlated with LDL-C, HDL-C/LDL-C and HDL-C/total cholesterol, while negatively correlated with AI. LDL-C level was negatively correlated with HDL-C/LDL-C and HDL-C/total cholesterol, while positively correlated with AI HDL-C/LDL-C ratio was positively correlated with HDL-C/total cholesterol and AI. HDL-C/total cholesterol was negatively correlated with AI. Fat intake was positively correlated with total cholesterol, HDL-C level, and vitamin B$_2$ intake was positively correlated with TG, HDL-C/LDL-C. Therefore, nutrition education is necessary for female university students to promote the lipid profile and to optimize the nutritional status. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 151∼158, 2002)
This study was conducted to investigate actual conditions and needs on breastfeeding education for pregnant women in health centers for the development of a breastfeeding educational program. The questionnaires were mailed to 245 health centers and 148 (60.4%) questionnaires were returned. 91% of the health centers had breastfeeding education for pregnant women. 66% of them operated breastfeeding education as one part of other health programs. About 76% of supervisors and 64% of educators were the nurses. The teaching methods frequently used were lectures (30.5%), giving out booklets and leaflets (22.6%), demonstration and practice (21.5%), personal counseling (13.3%), and others. The teaching materials used were materials of outside speakers (39.7%), materials of development oneself (19.0%), materials of academic association or institute (14.8%), and others. The subjects which educators taught were the benefits of breastfeeding (16.7%), breastfeeding techniques (15.8%), caring for breasts before and after delivery (15.1%), nutritional management for lactating women (14.2%), coping strategies for the difficult situation of breastfeeding (13.3%), and others. Those were different from each other according to the educators' general characteristics. Success factors of education were increased motivation for breastfeeding (52.8%), practice (22.6%), professional's lecture (11.3%) and others. The failure factors of education were the ineffectiveness of the lecture method (69.2%), lack of education for supporters (15.4%) and lack of standardized education (15.4%). The most important barrier of education was the lack of a standardized breastfeeding educational programs (43.9%). The most effective teaching methods that educators thought were demonstration and practice (24.0%). The educators thought they need the tools and space for practice (28.2%), a standardized breastfeeding educational program (26.9%), and the human resources (24.4%) for effective education. Subjects that educators thought important for education were the breastfeeding techniques, benefits of breastfeeding, caring for breasts before and after delivery, nutritional management for lactating women, coping strategies for the difficult situation of breastfeeding, rooming system after delivery, ways to assess mother's milk quantity, introducing successful cases of breastfeeding in rank order. To promote the effectiveness of breastfeeding education, standardized breastfeeding educational programs, diverse teaching materials, space and tools, and human resources are needed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary behaviors, body image, hematological index and nutrient intake of female athletes in Incheon. The subjects were 112 female athletes (field and track: n=32, firing: n=27, fencing: n=29, swimming: n=14, badminton: n=10) from middle and high schools in Incheon. This cross-sectional study was conducted by a self-administered questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit(Hct), ferritin, serum iron, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UBC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TS). Nutrient intakes collected from 3 day-recalls were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 10.0 program. The results are summarized as follows: Average age of field and track athletes, firing, fencer and swimmer was 14 years and that of badmintoner was 17 years. Most of female athletes had dietary problems such as unbalanced meals, skipping meals, and preference of processed foods. More than 60% of female athletes skipped breakfast. As for perception of body image, most of female athletes perceived themselves fatter compared to normal body image. Especially, field and track athletes were more significantly experienced weight control compared to the other athletes (p<0.05). As for physical burden during exercise, 56.3% of swimmer and 31.3% of field and track athletes answered “very hard”, which showed a significant difference (p<0.001) More than 80% of female athletes had experienced a vertigo during exercise (p<0.01). Also, more than 50% of female athletes except badmintoner had experienced an irregular menstruation (p<0.05). Average serum iron level (p<0.05) and TS (p<0.05) of field and track athletes were significantly lower compared to the other athletes. Serum ferritin of badmintoner, field and track athletes and fencer was significantly lower compared to firing and swimmer (p<0.05). Nutrient intakes of female athletes except vitamin B6, niacin and phosphorus were lower than the Korean RDA. Especially, calcium and iron intakes of female athletes were under the 50% of the Korean RDA. Therefore, proper nutrition education and supplementation are required for female athletes to encourage desirable food habits as well as to improve their nutritional status and exercise performance.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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v.26
no.4
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pp.726-732
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1997
The purpose of this study is to develop a software program to diagnose and assess status of dietary intake obtained using 24-hour dietary recall method. This program consist of four functions. The first function is assessing tile general status of the body such as ideal body weight, obesity measure, activity expenditure energy and total energy requirement by the analysis of age, height, weight and the degree of activity. The second one is calculating the intake number of food classified by the food group and evaluating the status of food intake by comparing them with the number of standardized intake in recommended dietary allowances for Koreans,6th revision. Third one is calculating energy and nutrient intakes contributed by the food group in dietary intake and evaluating the status of dietary intake by comparing the nutrient intake with the recommended dietary allowance for Korean, especially calculating and evaluating the status of dietary fat intake. The fourth function is calculating and evaluating the status of nutrient intake and nutrients energy Percent contributed by three regular meals and at least one in-between-meal snack. The results are displayed as tabular forms and graphical forms on the computer screen.
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