• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.416-420
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• 2009

An experiment of one-year duration was conducted on sixteen adult male German Angora rabbits under sub-temperate Himalayan conditions, to assess the effect of seasons on their body weight, wool production and quality, plane of nutrition and the digestibilities of nutrients. The daily meteorological attribute viz. minimum and maximum temperature; relative humidity and rainfall were recorded during winter (October to March), summer (April to June) and rainy (July to September) seasons. Biological parameters viz. body weight at the time of shearing, wool yield of individual rabbit, quality attributes of wool, fortnightly dry matter intake, chemical composition of feed and fodder and digestibilities of nutrients were recorded. Average minimum and maximum ambient temperature during winter, summer and rainy seasons were 4.6${\pm}$1.9 and 21.4${\pm}$2.8; 13.6${\pm}$2 and 30.3${\pm}$2; and 20.0${\pm}$1.4 and $31.0{\pm}1.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. The average relative humidity and total rainfall during winter, summer and rainy season were 69.5${\pm}$2.9% and 74.7${\pm}$21.8 mm; 58.6${\pm}$2.2% and 38.1${\pm}$18.1 mm; and 69${\pm}$4.2% and 104.0${\pm}$43.7 mm, respectively. The body weight of rabbits increased during all seasons, however, the maximum average daily weight gain of 3.47${\pm}$0.1 g was observed during the rainy season. The wool yield differed significantly (p$\leq$0.05) among different seasons with highest (140.4${\pm}$10 g) and lowest (108.5${\pm}$6.9 g) during winter and summer, respectively. The wool yield during the rainy season was 123.3${\pm}$5.2 g. The wool quality attributes revealed non-significant differences for staple length, fiber diameter, medulation percent, percent pure fibers and percent guard hairs. Plane of nutrition revealed significant (p$\leq$0.05) differences for concentrate intake. The concentrate intake was highest during winter (124.4${\pm}$2.6 g) followed by summer (86.8${\pm}$8.9 g) and rainy (80.7${\pm}$11.8 g) seasons. The reverse trend was observed in roughage intake with significantly (p${\leq}$0.05) lower intake during winter and highest during summer months. As a result total dry matter intake during different seasons was similar. Significant differences (p${\leq}$0.05) were observed for digestibilities of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. Digestibility of crude protein was highest during winter whereas the digestibilities of crude fiber, ether extract, acid detergent fiber and cellulose remained higher during the rainy season. During the winter season, the dry matter used for producing 100 g of wool was substantially lower than during other seasons and was concluded to be the best season for production of Angora wool under subtemperate Himalayan conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.240-247
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• 2012

Dietary supplementation with conventional linted cottonseed hulls (LCSH) is a common practice in livestock production all over the world. However, supplementation with mechanically delinted cottonseed hulls (DCSH) and cottonseed linter residue (CLR) is uncommon. Cottonseed by-products, including LCSH, DCSH and CLR, were assessed by chemical analysis, an in situ nylon bag technique, an in vitro cumulative gas production technique and in vitro enzyme procedure. The crude protein (CP) content of CLR (302 g/kg dry matter (DM)) was approximately 3 times that of LCSH and 5 times that of DCSH. The crude fat content was approximately 3 times higher in CLR (269 g/kg DM) than in LCSH and 4 times higher than in DCSH. Neutral detergent fibre (311 g/kg DM) and acid detergent fibre (243 g/kg DM) contents of CLR were less than half those of DCSH or LCSH. Metabolisable energy, estimated by in vitro gas production and chemical analyses, ranked as follows: CLR (12.69 kJ/kg DM)>LCSH (7.32 kJ/kg DM)>DCSH (5.82 kJ/kg DM). The in situ degradation trial showed that the highest values of effective degradability of DM and CP were obtained for CLR (p<0.05). The in vitro disappearance of ruminal DM ranked as follows: CLR>LCSH>DCSH (p<0.05). The lowest digestibility was observed for DCSH with a two-step in vitro digestion procedure (p<0.05). The potential gas production in the batch cultures did not differ for any of the three cottonseed by-product feeds. The highest concentration of total volatile fatty acids was observed in CLR after a 72 h incubation (p<0.05). The molar portions of methane were similar between all three treatments, with an average gas production of 22% (molar). The CLR contained a higher level of CP than did LCSH and DCSH, and CLR fermentation produced more propionate. The DCSH and LCSH had more NDF and ADF, which fermented into greater amounts of acetate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.470-478
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• 2017

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation of various ratios and storage periods of liquid brewer's yeast (LBY) mixed with cassava pulp (CVP). Methods: Four mixtures of fresh LBY and CVP were made (LBY0, LBY10, LBY20, and LBY30 for LBY:CVP at 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, and 30:70, respectively) on a fresh matter basis, in 500 g in plastic bags and stored at 30 to $32^{\circ}C$. After storage, the bags were opened weekly from weeks 0 to 4. Fermentation quality and in vitro gas production (IVGP) were determined, as well as the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin contents. Results: The contents of CP and EE increased, whereas all other components decreased, in proportion to LBY inclusion (p<0.01). The DM and OM contents gradually decreased in weeks 3 and 4 (p<0.05), while EE contents were lowest in week 0. The pH, ammonia nitrogen per total nitrogen ($NH_3-N/TN$) and V-score in each mixture and storage period demonstrated superior fermentation quality ($pH{\leq}4.2$, $NH_3-N/TN{\leq}12.5%$, and V-score>90%). The pH increased and $NH_3-N/TN$ decreased, with proportionate increases of LBY, whereas the pH decreased and $NH_3-N/TN$ increased, as the storage periods were extended (p<0.01). Although IVGP decreased in proportion to the amount of LBY inclusion (p<0.01), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was unaffected by the mixture ratios. The highest IVGP and IVOMD were observed in week 0 (p<0.01). Conclusion: The inclusion of LBY (as high as 30%) into CVP improves the chemical composition of the mixture, thereby increasing the CP content, while decreasing IVGP, without decreasing fermentation quality and IVOMD. In addition, a preservation period of up to four weeks can guarantee superior fermentation quality in all types of mixtures. Therefore, we recommend limiting the use of CVP as a feed ingredient, given its low nutritional value and improving feed quality with the inclusion of LBY.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2004

On protein equivalence base, fishmeal (FM) was replaced by lysine cell mass (LCM) in selected different diets in Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) Eight experimental diets were formulated to contain 100% FM (LC $M_{0}$), 90% FM+10% LCM (LC $M_{10}$),80% FM+20% LCM (LC $M_{20}$), 70% FM+30% LCM (LC $M_{30}$), 60% FM+40% LCM (LC $M_{40}$ ), 70% FH+30% LCM+lysine (LC $M_{+Lys}$), 60% FM+40% LCM+lysine (LC $M_{40+Lys}$), and 50% FM+50% LCM+lysine (LC $M_{50+Lys}$). Experimental individuals of the fish (12.6 g) were randomly fed on one of the experimental diets. After 6 weeks of feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed LC $M_{0}$ diet was significantly (P〈0.05) higher than those of fish fed LC $M_{20}$, LC $M_{30}$, LC $M_{40}$ , LC $M_{30+Lys}$, LC $M_{40+Lys}$, and LC $M_{50+Lys}$ diets, however, there was no significant difference in WG of fish fed LC $M_{0}$ and LC $M_{10}$ diets. Supplementation of lysine has no effect on WG. There was no significant difference in condition factor (CF) of fish fed LC $M_{0}$, LC $M_{10}$ and LC $M_{20}$ diets. Hemoglobin (Hb) of fish fed LC $M_{0}$, LC $M_{10}$, LC $M_{20}$, LC $M_{30}$, LC $M_{40}$ , LC $M_{30+Lys}$, and LC $M_{40+Lys}$, diets were not significantly different from each other. No significant differences were observed in hematocrit (PCV) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) among all dietary treatments. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADM) and protein (ADP) of diets significantly decreased with increase in dietary LCM level, though there was no difference in ADM and ADP between LC $M_{0}$ and LC $M_{10}$. These results indicate that LCM could replace up to 10% of fishmeal in Korean rockfish diets.ish diets.iets.ish diets.s.ish diets.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.126-131
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• 2012

현미의 기능성을 증명하기 위하여 열수, 에탄올 추출하여 여러 가지 생리활성에 대하여 조사하였다. 우선, 아 질산염 소거능 분석에서는 현미 열수와 에탄올 추출물 1 mg/ml 농도, pH 1.2에서 75.4와 94.9%을 나타내었고, xanthine oxidase 저해능은 현미 에탄올 추출물 10 mg/ml에서 72.9%로 같은 농도의 열수 추출물보다 높게 측정되었다. 현미의 소화율($44.46{\pm}6.09$%)은 백미의 소화율($62.71{\pm}4.18$%)보다 낮으며 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 저해능은 현미 에탄올 추출물 10 mg/ml에서 93.1%로 같은 농도의 열수 추출물보다 높게 측정되었다. 현미 열수와 에탄올 추출물의 SOD 유사활성은 10 mg/ml에서 56.4와 44.9%로 유의적인 큰 차이는 없었다. 현미의 숙취해소 효능은 ADH와 ALDH 활성증진에 현미 열수와 에탄올 추출물이 미치는 영향을 조사함으로써 증명하고자 하였는데 그 결과, 현미 에탄올 추출물에서 알콜 분해능 증가율이 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2004

A repeated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design was conducted with eight ileal cannulated castrates to examine the effect of source of starch and fiber on nutrient balance and energy metabolism. Pigs were fed on one of the four experimental diets: Control diet (C) mainly based on cooked rice; and diets P, S and W with the inclusion of either raw potato starch, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, respectively. With the exception of an increased (p<0.05) energy loss from methane production with diet S observed, no significant differences (p>0.05) in the ratio of metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy, the utilization of ME for fat deposition and for protein deposition, energy loss as hydrogen and urinary energy were found between diets. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was lower (p<0.05) with diets P and S than with diet C. The inclusion of fiber sources (sugar beet pulp or wheat bran) or potato starch reduced the maintenance energy requirement. The fecal energy excretion was increased (p<0.05) with either sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, while it was unaffected (p>0.05) by addition of potato starch. In comparison with diets C and P, a lowered ileal or fecal digestibility of energy with diets S and W was observed (p<0.05). Feeding sugar beet pulp caused increased (p<0.05) daily production of methane and carbon dioxide and consequently increased energy losses from methane and carbon dioxide production, while it did not influence the daily hydrogen production (p>0.05). An increased (p<0.05) proportion of NSP excreted in feces was seen by the supplementation of wheat bran. Higher NSP intake caused an increased daily amount of NSP in the ileum, but the ileal NSP proportion as a percentage of NSP intake was unaffected by diets. Feeding potato starch resulted in increased daily amount of starch measured in the ileum and the proportion of ileal starch as a percentage of starch intake, while no significant influence on fecal starch was found. Higher (p<0.05) daily amount of fecal starch and the proportion of fecal starch as a percentage of starch intake were found with fiber sources supplementation compared with diets C and P. By increasing the dietary NSP content the fecal amount of starch increased (p<0.01).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.465-472
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 고품질 인조육의 개발을 위하여 압출성형 인조육에 가공 부산물의 활용 측면에서도 장점을 지닌 참치 톱밥을 첨가하여 압출성형 공정을 거친 후 이화학적 특성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 압출성형 원료는 탈지대두분 65%에 분리대두단백 25%, 옥수수 전분 10%를 혼합한 것을 기본 배합시료로 설정하였고, 기본 배합 100%, 기본 배합에 참치 톱밥 15%를 첨가한 것과 참치 톱밥 30%를 첨가한 것, 세가지 시료를 제작하였다. 원료 사입량은 100 g/min, 스크루회전 속도 250 rpm, 사출구 온도 $140^{\circ}C$, 수분함량은 50%로 고정하여 압출성형한 후 비길이, 밀도, 파괴력, 조직잔사지수, 보수력, 조직감 분석, 수용성 질소 지수, 단백질 소화율, DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 실시하였다. 참치 톱밥의 첨가 함량이 높을수록 파괴력과 밀도는 감소하였고 단면 팽화율과 비길이는 증가하였다. 또한, 참치 톱밥 첨가 함량이 높을수록 조직잔사지수와 보수력은 감소하였으며 수용성 질소 지수와 단백질 소화율도 다소 감소하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성에서는 참치 톱밥의 첨가 함량이 높을수록 값이 증가하였으나 저장 기간이 30일과 60일로 길어짐에 따라 값이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 산패도의 측정값은 참치 톱밥의 첨가 함량이 높을수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 60일 이후부터는 참치 톱밥의 첨가 함량이 높을수록 다소 증가하여 150일 이후에는 유의적 차이를 보였다. 기본 배합 시료에 참치 톱밥을 첨가하면 유연한 조직감과 영양적 가치를 보존하면서 항산화 기능이 증진되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.836-842
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate potential benefits of intercropping of corn with runner bean for a smallsized farming system, based on land equivalent ratio (LER) and silage yield and quality of corn intercropped with runner bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in arid conditions of Turkey under an irrigation system. This experiment was established as a split-plot design in a randomized complete block, with three replications and carried out over two (consecutive) years in 2006 and 2007. Seven different mixtures (runner bean, B and silage corn sole crop, C, 10% B+90% C, 20% B+80% C, 30% B+70% C, 40% B+60%C, and 50% B+50%C) of silage corn-runner bean were intercropped. All of the mixtures were grown under irrigation. The corn-runner bean fields were planted in the second week of May and harvested in the first week of September in both years. Green beans were harvested three times each year and green bean yields were recorded each time. After the 3rd harvest of green bean, residues of bean and corn together were randomly harvested from a 1 $m^{2}$ area by hand using a clipper when the bean started to dry and corn was at the dough stage. Green mass yields of each plot were recorded. Silages were prepared from each plot (triplicate) in 1 L mini-silos. After 60 d ensiling, subsamples were taken from this material for determination of dry matter (DM), pH, organic acids, chemical composition, and in vitro DM digestibility of silages. The LER index was also calculated to evaluate intercrop efficiencies with respect to sole crops. Average pH, acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations were similar but lactic acid and ammonia-N levels were significantly different (p<0.05) among different mixtures of bean intercropped with corn. Ammonia-N levels linearly increased from 0.90% to 2.218 as the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio. While average CP content increased linearly from 6.47 to 12.45%, and average NDF and ADF contents decreased linearly from 56.17 to 44.88 and from 34.92 to 33.51%, respectively, (p<0.05) as the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, but DM and OM contents did not differ among different mixtures of bean intercropped with corn (p>0.05). In vitro OM digestibility values differed significantly among bean-corn mixture silages (p<0.05). Fresh bean, herbage DM, IVOMD, ME yields, and LER index were significantly influenced by percentage of bean in the mixtures (p<0.01). As the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, yields of fresh bean (from 0 to 24,380 kg/ha) and CP (from 1,258.0 to 1,563.0 kg/ha) and LER values (from 1.0 to 1.775) linearly increased, but yields of herbage DM (from 19,670 to 12,550 kg/ha), IVOMD (from 12,790 to 8,020 kg/ha) and ME (46,230 to 29,000 Mcal/ha) yields decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, all of the bean-corn mixtures provided a good silage and better CP concentrations. Even though forage yields decreased, the LER index linearly increased as the percentage of bean increased in the mixture up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, which indicates a greater utilization of land. Therefore, a 50:50 seeding ratio seemed to be best for optimal utilization of land in this study and to provide greater financial stability for labor-intensive, small farmers.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.610-615
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• 2020

식용 곤충은 인구증가에 따른 식량 문제를 해결하기 위한 하나의 방법으로 제시되며 최근 곤충의 생리활성 기능과 관련한 연구가 많이 수행되고 있다. 반면 식품으로서 활용 가능한 기초연구는 부족한 실정으로 본 연구에서 장수풍뎅이 유충의 단백질 대체 자원으로서 영양학적 기능을 규명하기 위한 실험을 실시하여 장수풍뎅이 유충 단백질(ADP)의 식이 효율, 단백질 효율, 순 소화율 등을 동물실험을 통해 알아보았다. 4주령 SD-rat 24마리를 이용하여 각 그룹 당 8마리 3그룹으로 실험을 실시하였다. 실험군은 사료 내 전체 kcal 20%가 Casein 단백질로 구성된 사료를 식이 하는 일반 식이군(Con), 전체 kcal 20%가 장수풍뎅이 유충의 단백질로 구성된 사료를 식이 하는 장수풍뎅이 유충 단백질식이군(ADP), 그리고 체내 대사작용에 의해 배설되는 단백질(metabolic fecal nitrogen)을 측정하기 위하여 단백질 무 첨가 식이군(NP, non-protein diet)으로 설정했다. 4주간 식이를 공급하여 장수풍뎅이 유충 단백질의 식이 효율(Food Efficiency Ratio, FER), 단백질 효율(Protein Efficiency Ratio, PER), 순 소화율(true digestibility, TD)을 평가했다. 본 실험 결과 식이 효율은 Con군에서 0.52, 장수풍뎅이 유충 단백질 섭취군에서 0.41로 ADP에서 유의적으로 낮은 수준을 보였다. 단백질 효율은 ADP군에서 2.39, Con군에서 2.63으로 ADP군은 Con군에 비해 낮았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 순 소화율은 Con군에서 91%, ADP군에서 80%로 나타났으며 통계적인 유의적 차이는 없었다. 장수풍뎅이 유충의 순 소화율은 80%로 나타났으며 콩과류의 단백질 순 소화율 64-77%에 비해 높은 수준을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.377-381
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• 1993

Twenty male crossbred ($Sahiwal{\times}HF$) calves of about 6-9 months of age were divided into four groups of five animals each. All the animals were offered wheat straw ad lib. As the basal feed. However, animals in group I were fed concentrate mixture while the animals in groups II, III and IV had free access to urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) lick (I), (II) and (III) respectively as a partial substitute of concentrate mixture. The average concentrate offered (kg/day) to the animals was significantly (p<0.01) higher in group I ($2.69{\pm}0.18$) compared to groups II ($1.76{\pm}0.15$), III ($1.70{\pm}0.06$) and IV ($1.65{\pm}0.12$). The UMMB lick consumed was non-significantly different amongst groups I ($535.40{\pm}38.14$), II ($525.60{\pm}31.82$), III ($551.00{\pm}38.49$) and IV ($548.80{\pm}45.46$). Except ether extract, the digestibility coefficients of CP, ADF and NDF were non-significantly different in different groups. Similarly, N balance (g/day) and percent N retention of intake was not affected in different groups on supplementation of UMMB lick. Body composition of animals was similar in different groups supplemented with either concentrate mixture or concentrate mixture and UMMB licks. It may be concluded from these studies that UMMB lick can partially replace the concentrate mixture in the diet of growing calves without affecting the growth rate, nutrient utilization and body composition. The UMMB lick, thus, can form a part of the ration economically in the diet of growing ruminants especially in developing countries.