• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.491-500
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• 2010

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of polyurethane coated urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation, ammonia release dynamics and lactating performance of Holstein dairy cows fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet. In Exp. 1, a dual-flow continuous culture was run to investigate the effect of polyurethane coated urea on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial efficiency. Three treatment diets with isonitrogenous contents (13.0% CP) were prepared: i) feedgrade urea (FGU) diet; ii) polyurethane coated urea (PCU) diet; and iii) isolated soy protein (ISP) diet. Each of the diets consisted of 40% steam-flaked corn meal, 58.5% forages and 1.5% different sources of nitrogen. PCU and FGU diets had significantly lower digestibility of NDF and ADF (p<0.01) than the ISP diet. Nitrogen source had no significant effect (p = 0.62) on CP digestibility. The microbial efficiency (expressed as grams of microbial N/kg organic matter truly digested (OMTD)) in vitro of the PCU diet (13.0 g N/kg OMTD) was significantly higher than the FGU diet (11.3 g N/kg OMTD), but comparable with the ISP diet (14.7 g N/kg OMTD). Exp. 2, an in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment, was conducted to determine the ammonia release dynamics during an 8 h ruminal fermentation. Three treatment diets were based on steam-flaked corn diets commonly fed to lactating cows in China, in which FGU, PCU or soybean meal (SBM) was added to provide 10% of total dietary N. In vitro $NH_3-N$ concentrations were lower (p<0.05) for the PCU diet than the FGU diet, but similar to that for the SBM diet at all time points. In Exp. 3, a lactation trial was performed using 24 lactating Holstein cows to compare the lactating performance and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations when cows were fed PCU, FGU and SBM diets. Cows consuming the PCU diet had approximately 12.8% more (p = 0.02) dietary dry matter intake than those consuming the FGU diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had higher milk protein content (3.16% vs. 2.94%) and lower milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration (13.0 mg/dl vs. 14.4 mg/dl) than those fed the FGU diet. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was significantly lower for cows fed the PCU (16.7 mg/dl) and SBM (16.4 mg/dl) diets than the FGU (18.7 mg/dl) diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had less surplus ruminal N than those fed the FGU diet and produced a comparable lactation performance to the SBM diet, suggesting that polyurethane coated urea can partially substitute soybean meal in the dairy cow diet without impairing lactation performance.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.156-163
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• 2020

본 연구는 호남지역 유휴 논토양에서 곡실 사료용 밀 생산에 적합한 품종 선발을 위해 국내산 총 8개(금강, 조경, 백중, 수안, 청우, 고소, 호중, 조중)의 품종을 선택하여 전북 완주군에서 2015년부터 2016년까지 파종 및 수확하였으며, 사료가치 평가를 위해 일반성분 및 반추위 소화율 분석을 실시하였다. 시험품종 중 출수기는 "조중"이 4월 15일로 가장 빨랐으며, 성숙기 또한 5월 24일로 가장 빨랐다. "백중"의 출수기는 4월 18일로 "금강"과 같았고, 성숙기는 5월 29일로 하루 늦었지만 전 시험품종 간의 유의성은 없었다. 경수는 "고소"가 513개/㎡로 가장 적었으며, "청우"가 974개/㎡로 가장 많았다. "백중"의 경수는 901개/㎡로 시험품종 중 경수가 많은 품종에 속하며, 수확량은 542kg/10a으로 가장 많았다(p<0.05). 일반성분 분석, 반추위내 건물 및 조단백질 소화율 평가에서 시험품종 간 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으며, 옥수수보다 높은 영양 가치와 소화율을 확인하였다. 따라서 상기 8개 밀 품종은 공히 수입곡물을 대체 할 수 있는 훌륭한 사료자원이며, 수확량이 높은 품종을 선택하여 곡실 사료로의 이용성을 확대하면, 논경지이용효율 증대와 더불어 축산농가 사료비 절감에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2007

본 연구는 질소원 결핍 배지에서 배양되어 in vitro 실험상에서 항균 활력이 있는 것으로 증명된 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물을 질소원 공급 배지와 비교하여 육계의 증체, 사료 섭취량, 영양소 이용율, 유해 가스 생산 및 분내 미생물 균총 변화 등에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 시행되었다. 총 168수 2일령 육계를 7 처리구(대조구, 질소원 공급 배지에서 자란 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물(NAOF) 0.05, 0.1, 0.5%, 질소원 결핍 배지에서 자란 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물(NNAOF) 0.05, 0.1, 0.5%에 배치하였다. 본 실험 결과 Aspergillus oryzae 첨가로 사료의 기호성이 증가되었으며, Aspergillus oryzae 배양시 질소원 결핍 처리는 일반적인 배양 방법에 비하여 증체와 사료 기호성에 더욱 효과적으로 작용하였다. 영양소 소화율은 질소원 처리 구간의 유의적 차이는 없었지만, 대조구에 비하여 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물을 첨가시에 영양소의 소화율이 전반적으로 향상되었는데, 이러한 결과는 육계의 소장 및 대장의 pH 조절에 관여하고 유익균의 생장을 촉진하며, 유해균의 증식을 억제할 수 있는 효소나 대사산물이 분비되어 긍정적으로 작용하여 사료의 기호성 및 영양소의 소화율을 증진시킨 결과라고 추정할 수 있다. 처리에 따른 분내 총균수 변화는 유의적(p<0.05)인 차이를 보였으며, 균수는 NNAOF>NAOF>대조구순으로 나타났다. E. coli와 살모넬라에서는 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물 처리구가 대조구에 비해 현저하게(p<0.05) 감소되었고, 특히 NNAOP 처리구에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 분내 암모니아 가스 발생량을 조사한 결과, 실험실적으로 검사할 수 있는 발생량은 대조구>NAOF>NNAOF 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 NNAOF을 이용한 육계 생산은 생산성 향상과 더불어 환경 오염을 예방할 수 있는 방법임을 시사하므로 더욱 심도있는 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.228-239
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of the experiment was to study yeast supplementation (yeast, Y) and dried kratom leaves (DKTL) on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats. Methods: Four of 7 to 8 months old male crossbred (50% Thai Native-Anglo Nubian) goats with average liveweight 20±0.13 kg were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four diets ad libitum basis. The study investigated the effects of two levels of yeast (Y) supplementation (Y, 0 and 0.5g/kg dry matter [DM]) along with two levels of DKTL supplementation (DKTL, 0 and 4.44g/kg DM). The experimental groups were as follows: T1 = control group with 0Y+0DKTL, T2 = 0Y+4.44 DKTL, T3 = 0.5Y+0DKTL, and T4 = 0.5Y+4.44 DKTL. Results: The results showed that there were no interactions between Y levels and DKTL levels with respect to total DM intake, but there were significant effects (p<0.05) by levels of Y; goats receiving 0.05 g/kg DM Y had higher than goats fed 0.0 g/kg DM on average (kg/d). A percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per kilogram of metallic weight (g/kg w^0.75) had no influence on yeast levels and DKTL, but there was a difference (p<0.05) by yeast level Y at 0.5 g/kg DM, being higher compared to the non-supplemented group. Apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrition in the form of (DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) was an increased trend in the Y-level complementary group at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM, respectively. Protozoa populations decreased in the group receiving Y levels at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels at 4.44 g/kg DM when compared to group T1. The acetic acid concentration and methane gas generation decreased (p<0.05) in the group receiving Y levels of 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels of 4.44 g/kg DM, while the amount of propionic acid increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Effects of feeding combinations of Y and DKTL supplementation on feed showed no interaction effect (Y×DKTL) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, bacterial and fungi population. The effect on protozoal populations was lower in the group that was supplemented with DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM related to synthetic CH₄ was reduced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1196-1200
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• 2007

Eight feeds (mixture of wheat straw and oil seed cakes in 3:1 ratio) were evaluated for methane emission and fermentation pattern with buffalo rumen liquor as inoculum in an in vitro gas production test. The cakes tested were groundnut cake (GNC), soybean cake (SBC), mustard seed cake (MSC), cotton seed cake (CSC), karanj seed cake expeller extracted (KCEE), karanj seed cake solvent extracted (KCSE), caster bean cake expeller extracted (CBCEE) and caster bean cake solvent extracted (CBCSE). The gas production (ml/g dry matter) was significantly higher with SBC and MSC followed by CSC, GNC, KCSE, KCEE, CBCSE and was the lowest with CBCEE. Methane emission was significantly lower with KCEE, KCSE, CBCEE, CBCSE (20.32- 22.43 ml/g DM) than that with SBC, GNC, CSC (27.34-31.14 ml/g DM). Mustard seed cake was in-between the two groups of oil cakes in methane production. In vitro true digestibility was highest with SBC followed by GNC, CSC, MSC, KCSE, KCEE, CBCSE and CECEE. Ammonia nitrogen level was positively correlated with the amount of protein present in the cake. Total holotrich protozoa were significantly higher with SBC, whereas, large spirotrich protozoa tended to be lower than with other cakes. The counts of small spirotrich and total protozoa were similar with all the cakes. Total volatile fatty acid production and acetate to propionate ratio were significantly higher with SBC and significantly lower with KCEE as compared to the other cakes. Among the conventional oil cakes tested in the present experiment (GNC, SBC, MSC and CSC), mustard seed cake-based feed produced the minimum methane without affecting other fermentation characteristics adversely.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.409-413
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• 1994

This fundamental study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional value of Canola rapeseed meal which has been increasingly used as a by-product with the demand for the food oil resource. To compare the nutritive values among rapeseed meal and soybean meal, two experiments were carried out by using rats. One was a digestibility test of rapessed meal and the other was the growth rate of rats for 21 days. The chemical compositions , blucosinolate and amino acids of defatted repeseed meal and defatted soybean meal were analyzed. After one week feeding, nitrogen excretion in rats was measured to study FER, PER , TD , BW , and NPU of the meals. The amount of crude proteins in defatted rapeseed meal and defatted soybean meal were 45.5% and 37.9%. The glucosinolate content of defatted rapeseed meal was 0.04% . The body weight gain of defatted rapeseed meal was not signficantly different from that of defatted soybean meal (p>0.01). After one week feeding, there was no significant differencess in organ weight and serum components between two groups(p>0.01). It was presumed that the rapeseed meal has enough possibility for developing food to use as a protein source like a soybean meal protein. However, more careful experiments are needed to clarify the nutritional value of rapeseed meal of Canola since the lipids composition of blood tended to be different when the rapeseed meal and soybean meal were used.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.945-951
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• 2013

In vitro studies were undertaken to develop an appropriate fibrolytic enzymes cocktail comprising of cellulase, xylanase and ${\beta}$-D-glucanase for maize stover with an aim to increase its nutrient utilization in sheep. Cellulase and xylanase added individually to ground maize stover at an increasing dose rates (0, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, 3,200, 6,400, 12,800, 25,600, 32,000, 38,400, and 44,800 IU/g DM), increased (p<0.01) the in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro sugar release. The doses selected for studying the combination effect of enzymes were 6,400 to 32,000 IU/g of cellulase and 12,800 to 44,800 IU/g of xylanase. At cellulase concentration of 6,400 IU/g, IVDMD % was higher (p<0.01) at higher xylanase doses (25,600 to 44,800 IU/g). While at cellulase doses (12,800 to 32,000 IU/g), IVDMD % was higher at lower xylanase doses (12,800 and 25,600 IU/g) compared to higher xylanase doses (32,000 to 44,800 IU/g). At cellulase concentration of the 6,400 to 32,000 IU/g, the amount of sugar released increased (p<0.01) with increasing levels of xylanase concentrations except for the concentration of 44,800 IU/g. No effect of ${\beta}$-D-glucanase (100 to 300 IU/g) was observed at lower cellulase-xylanase dose (cellulase-xylanase 12,800 to 12,800 IU/g). Based on the IVDMD, the enzyme combination cellulase-xylanase 12,800 to 12,800 IU/g was selected to study its effect on feed intake and rumen fermentation pattern, conducted on 12 rams (6 to 8 months; $20.34{\pm}2.369$ kg body weight) fed 50% maize stover based TMR. The total volatile fatty acids (p<0.01) and ammonia-N concentration was higher in enzyme supplemented group, while no effect was observed on dry matter intake, ruminal pH and total nitrogen concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.825-829
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• 2004

Influence of different levels of corn steep liquor (CSL) on chemical composition of urea treated wheat straw (UTWS) and its dietary effect on nutrient intake, digestibility, milk yield and its composition were studied. The 5% UTWS was ensiled with 0, 3, 6 and 9% CSL on dry matter (DM) basis. Total nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of UTWS ensiled with 0, 3, 6 and 9% CSL increased linearly with the increasing level of CSL. Increase in NDF content was due to increased neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen contents. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 35% UTWS ensiled without CSL (control), 45 (WS45), 55 (WS55) and 65% (WS65) UTWS ensiled with 9% CSL, respectively. Dry matter, NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intakes by lactating buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with or without CSL remained similar across all treatments. However, DM, NDF and ADF intakes as a percent of body weight and digestible DM, NDF and ADF intakes were higher in animals fed WS65 diet compared to those fed other diets. Apparent DM, crude protein (CP), NDF and ADF digestibilities were higher in diets containing UTWS ensiled with CSL compared to control. These differences may be attributed to higher rates of degradability of UTWS ensiled with 9% CSL than that ensiled without CSL. The 4% fat corrected milk and CP were statistically higher with WS65 diet compared to other diets. Percent milk fat, solid not fat and total solid remained unchanged across all treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.645-650
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• 2006

Thirty early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, six animals in each group, were used in a completely randomized design to examine the feeding value of 4% urea treated wheat straw (UTWS) ensiled with 6% or without acidified molasses. Five experimental diets were formulated. The control ration was balanced to contain 30% DM from UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. The other four diets were formulated to have 30, 40, 50 and 60% DM from UTWS ensiled with 6% acidified molasses, respectively. Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes were higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses compared with those fed a diet containing UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. Intake of DM was not significantly different in buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. A similar trend was observed for crude protein (CP) intake. Apparent DM and NDF digestibilities were significantly higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses compared with those fed UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. However, differences in DM and NDF digestibilities were non-significant across buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. Milk yield (4% fat corrected) was significantly higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses than those fed a diet containing UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. Milk yield was similar in buffaloes fed varying level of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. Milk CP, true protein, solid-not-fat and total solids were similar in buffaloes fed UTWS ensiled with or without acidified molasses. The UTWS ensiled with 6% acidified molasses can be included at up to 60% DM of lactating buffalo rations without any ill effect on productivity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.265-273
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• 2012

The effects of processing and frozen storage conditions on the quality of anchovy Engraulis japonica fried surimi gels were investigated. Protein content decreased after surimi gel processing from 19.6% (raw meat) to 12.1% (kamaboko) due to the added ingredients and change in water content. Lipid content decreased from 2.8% (raw meat) to 1.3% in minced and 0.5% in surimi, but fried kamaboko showed a 6.9 % lipid level. Thiobarbituric acid values and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were highest in kamaboko samples, 89.5 and 1.9 mg/g solid, and increased gradually with storage time to 101.8 and 4.6 mg/g solid, respectively. In vitro protein digestibility increased from 79.2% in raw anchovy to 88.5% in kamaboko samples. Levels of trypsin inhibitor decreased gradually with processing and during storage time from 2.43 in raw anchovy to 0.31 mg/g solid in the kamaboko sample after 60 days of frozen storage. No noticeable changes in total essential amino acid was observed during processing conditions. Computed protein efficiency ratio for kamaboko was highest (2.59) compared with whole anchovy (1.96), minced (1.94) and surimi (2.50). Fresh fried anchovy kamaboko showed similar values of hardness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness to commercial surimi gel, but a higher values were seen for fracturability and adhesiveness, and lower values for cohesiveness and resilience. The frozen and thawed anchovy kamaboko showed higher values for all of these rheological parameters compared with fresh and commercial kamaboko. Anchovy kamaboko showed the lowest lightness (62.9) and redness (0.16) and similar yellowness (11.9) compared with commercial kamaboko. Frozen storage and vacuum packaging were effective maintaining the shelf life of anchovy kamaboko within 30 days, but were not effective after 45 days due to fat oxidation.