• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.30-47
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• 2001

This research was performed to develope a stable direct seeding method in rice cultivation using by a direct seeder with soil application. A principle of this methodology was introduced from seeding nursery system of machine transplanting enable to increase high seeding establishment direct seeding method with soil application was high of 89-95% while that of water seeding was 68%. During seeding growth plant height was ralatively small but seeding health was high. A total soil consumption of this methodology was 145kg/10a in dirll seeding and 26kg/10a in hill seeding respectively, there was 100% erected in direct seeding with soil application while water seeding was 45% in erected seeding stand. In direct seeding method with soil application total carbohydrate content was higher than that of water seeding. This machine was manufactured to attach and/or detach to a machine transplanter with riding type and machine cultivator with multipurpose. In the farmer's demonstrated rice field this method was well performed like machine transplanting in terms of rice growth and development. There was highly cost reduction for rice production like other direct seeding methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.37-48
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• 2015

Soil nutrient management is important to maintain the constant productivity of seedling production in the nursery for successful forest restoration. This study investigated the effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer application levels on the growth, soil properties, and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar seedlings. One-year-old yellow poplar seedlings were treated with the combination of 3 level organic manures(0, 5 Mg/ha, 10 Mg/ha; mixture of poultry manure, cattle manure, swine manure, and sawdust) and 3 level nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium(NPK) chemical fertilizers(0, 1x(urea, $30g/m^2$; fused superphosphate, $70g/m^2$; potassium chloride, $15g/m^2$), 2x). Organic manure significantly increased the soil pH and the concentrations of nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In contrast, the NPK chemical fertilizer decreased the soil pH and exchangeable calcium concentration, did not affect the soil concentrations of nitrogen and magnesium, and increased the concentrations of available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium. Both organic manure and NPK chemical fertilizer treatments increased the seedling height, root collar diameter, and dry weight by 39% and 25%, respectively. The treatment with manure 5 Mg/ha and NPK 2x chemical fertilizer mostly increased seedling dry weight by 2.6 times more than that of the control. Compared to the effects of the fertilization treatments on the soil properties, the effects on nutrient concentrations in the leaves were relatively small. These findings indicate that organic manure that was derived from livestock byproducts and sawdust can be utilized with chemical fertilizer to improve seedling production as well as conserving soil quality.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2018

Soil characteristics along with various container lengths have an important role in the early survival rate and growth of seedlings by influencing the seedling quality. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of container length and different soil mixtures on the growth of poplar in a greenhouse. Two types of soil, homogeneous vs. heterogeneous, were used along with two container lengths (30 vs. 60 cm). The heterogeneous soil was made by dividing 50% vermiculite from a mixture of 25% vermicompost and 25% nursery soil in volume. For the homogeneous soil, the above three soil types were mixed together. Populus euramericana clone cuttings were planted in late April, and then, the growth height, root collar diameter (RCD) and biomass were measured in August. The height of the poplar was not significantly affected by container length and soil type, but the RCD was significantly affected by soil type. Leaf and root biomass was higher at the long container than at the short container for both soil treatments, but stem biomass was lower at the heterogeneous soil than at the homogeneous soil treatment. Root to shoot biomass ratio was higher at the heterogeneous soil treatment than at the homogeneous soil treatment by 12%. In conclusion, heterogeneous soil along with a long container is suitable to increase the carbon allocation into the root.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.9-20
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• 2004

Growth and nutrients of Xinjiang poplar (Populus alba var. pyramidalis) seedlings treated with fertilizers and soil amendments were examined in nursery and windbreak at Dengkou after 6 months of treatments in Inner Mongolia, China. Soil water content was $10\%$ higher than that at most soils in desert. Height and diameter growth and foliar nitrogen (N) concentration were higher at N and nitrogen plus phosphorus (N+P) fertilizer treatments than other treatments. However, there were no differences in foliar P concentration among treatments in windbreak and foliar P concentration was higher at control than at other treatments in nursery. Yuho treatment increased height and diameter growth. Nitrogen appeared an influenciug factor for early growth of Xinjiang poplar, and P had a minor affect on growth. More long-time studies were needed to elucidate the effects of fertilizers and soil amendments on growth and nutrients of Xinjiang poplar.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.4
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• pp.564-577
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate the possibility of establishing a tree nursery at Saemangeum reclaimed land and to classify landscape trees based on the salt tolerance. A tree nursery (2.0 ha) was made in Gunsan Okgu area in 2012 with underground drain lines on the reclaimed land established in 2010. Salt content of the nursery soil within the 60 cm depth in 2013 was 5.13 dS/m and 8.20 dS/m for the pre-desalinated and non-desalinated lands, respectively. Thirty-six woody plant species (22 tree species and 14 shrub species at ages of 1 to 4) with a total of 3,943 individuals were planted in early April, 2013 and their growth performance was monitored until September of the same year. The average survival rate of the transplanted plants was 71.4% in late September, suggesting the high possibility of establishing a tree nursery at the reclaimed land. Based on the survival rate and tree vigor (amount of healthy leaves and crown development), the following 17 species with some salt tolerance were classified into three groups: "salt tolerant group" (3 species, Tamarix chinensis, Cudrania tricuspidata, Ilex serrata), "recommended group" (5 species, Pinus thunbergii, Albizia julibrissin, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Rosa rugosa, Pleioblatus pygmaeus), "plantable group" (9 species, Zelkova serrata, Hibiscus syriacus, Elaeagnus umbellata, Sorbus alnifolia, Sophora japonica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Quercus acutissima, Ulmus parvifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia). Seven tree species that had been adapted to the reclaimed land for three to four years before being transplanted to new reclaimed land in Gunsan Okgu area showed average survival rate of 98%, suggesting that pre-conditioned trees would survive well in the reclaimed land.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.889-895
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• 2016

In Danseong-myeon (myeon is a subdivision of), Sancheong-gun, and Sugok-myeon, Jinju City, pot seedling culture was used at the rates of 100% and 62%, respectively. Root restriction seedling culture was used relatively more frequently than pot seedling culture in Yangchon-myeon, Nonsan City, Guryong-myeon, Buyeo-gun, and Wolsan-myeon, Damyang-gun. Open-field seedling culture was used at the rates of 80% and 54% in Samnangjin-eup (eup is a subdivision of a gun), Miryang City and Ssangnim-myeon, Goryeong-gun, respectively. In Danseong, Sancheong, and Sugok, Jinju, granite soil was used as the medium for pot seedling culture at the rates of 90% and 80%, respectively. In Yangchon, Nonsan, Wolsan, Damyang, and Ssangnim, Goryeong, commercial bed soil and coir dust were used for seedling culture at the rates of 73%, 64%, and 60%, respectively. At the main production sites, the use of granite soil for seedling culture, highest rate in 2000-2005, continued to decrease; in 2011-2013, granite soil was used at the rate of 37%, while commercial bed soil and coir dust were used at the rates of 32% and 14%, respectively. The bulk density of commercial bed soil, expanded rice hulls, and coir dust was $0.11-0.16g/cm^{-3}$. Coir dust was the lightest material but had the highest and, 36.7% and 21.8%, respectively. In sandy loam soil and granite soil was low. The pH of all growth media was between 5.4 and 7.0, and the values were in the range of $0.15-0.66dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. However it was necessary, to adjust the pH levels and enhance the of expanded rice hulls, sandy loam soil, and granite soil. Similarly, the fertilizer concentration and air permeability of coir dust need to be adjusted.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.228-233
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• 2002

This experiment was carried out to investigate the primary inoculum of strawberry anthracnose in nursery field. The pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was not detected in soil and weeds of nursery field but symptom of anthracnose was developed in mother plants collected from market after incubation in humid chamber, The symptom of anthracnose was expressed in the strawberry plant that reserved for 17 days in field after inoculation by spore suspension but was not observed there after. When inoculated leaves were observed by SEM, only appressoria were observed 7 days after inoculation. So, it is guessed that dissemination of Colletotrichum sp. into nursery held will be by contamination of mother plants, and diagnosis by naked eyes may be impossible because symptom will be not developed if environment is to be adequate to penetration and in case of imperfect penetration after germination, the pathogen remains appressorium to achieve penetration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal amount and the mixture ratio of seeds for revegetation species by investigating their growth characteristics. For the purpose of the experiments, 15 plants were chosen. In May of 1995 to September of 1998, the nursery seedbeds of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University were seeded with the mixtures of those species. Then, the nursery seedbeds were treated to investigate the effects of the amount of seeding, the amount of fertilizer, and the depth of soil on the growth characteristics. As the results of the experiments, it was found that the effects of all the treatments on growth of shoots and roots were significant in the early phase. For the expected number of seedlings more than 3,000 per square meter, many seedlings got withered to death while the survivors were suppressed to grow slow in the early stage due to the density problem.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 1984

Strain IV caused highest reduction of germination and caused abnormal elongation of all part of the plant which finally died. Milyang 23 and Nampungbyeo formed mesocotyl. Samnambyeo and Jinjubyeo did not formed mesocotyl on the soil surface in nursery boxes when they were planted on soil infested with each strain of F. moniliforme. Infected seedlings with mesocotyl recovered after transplanting in the the field. The most frequency of Strain IV was isolated from infected rices and this strain was isolated from all part of rice. When rice seedling infected with Strain IV were transplanted in paddy field, most of rice showed Bakanae symptom. Ear emergence of rice was more delayed when seedlings infected with Strain IV were transplanted than that of healthy plant. Number of panicle per hill and grain yield from rice when infected rice seedling by Strain IV were transplanted were more decreased than that of the healthy plant in paddy field.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.303-311
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• 2015

This study aimed to assess the effects of tree manures in comparison with NPK fertilizer on growth of Acacia senegal seedlings. It was conducted in the nursery of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Shambat (Lat.: $15^{\circ}$ 39' 387" N and Long.: $32^{\circ}$ 30' 871" E), during August 2008 and January 2009. The growing media were prepared by mixing ground foliage of trees with sandy soil (weight/volume) as follows, Albizia lebbeck (AL): 25 g, 50 g and 75 g; Azadirachta indica (AZ): 25 g, 50 g and 75 g; Khaya senegalensis (KH): 25 g, 50 g and 75 g; NPK fertilizer: 30 g per seedling. Albizia lebbeck and Azadirachta indica manures and NPK fertilizer have stimulated the Acacia senegal seed germination percentage in comparison with the control, with respective values of 89, 82.7, 81 and 71%. Khaya senegalensis manure has suppressed the Acacia senegal seed germination percentage with a value of only 49%. Effects of treatments on the seedlings growth parameters varied in the following percentages, in comparison to the control, shoot height: AZ 62.9%, AL 46%, KH 9.9% and NPK 27.8%; root length: AZ 25.8%, AL 31.5%, KH 30.6% and NPK 4.4%; diameter: AZ 75.2%, AL 37.1%, KH 34.3% and NPK 20%; Shoot biomass: AZ 319%, AL 195.2%, KH 57.1% and NPK 42.9%; root biomass: AZ 288.9%, AL 116.7%, KH 55.6% and NPK 16.7%%;. Thus, the effectiveness of the used substrates on the growth performance of Acacia senegal seedlings occurred in the following descending order: Azadirachta indica> Albizia lebbeck>Khaya senegalensis>NPK fertilizer. These results assert clearly the ameliorative and fertilizing characteristics of tree manures that can be reliably used for raising seedlings stocks in the nurseries.