• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.224-228
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• 2019

Background: European policymakers encourage individuals to become self-employed because it is a way to promote innovation and job creation. It can be assumed that health and well-being among the self-employed and managers in small-scale enterprises are particularly crucial in this enterprise group because the smallness of the enterprise makes its members vulnerable. Earlier studies have indicated that the self-employed have a high working pace and work for long and irregular hours, indicating that it can be difficult to stay at home because of sickness. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of sickness presenteeism among the self-employed in relation to the organizationally employed and to analyze whether any differences can be explained by higher work demands among the self-employed. Methods: The study is based on the fifth European survey on working conditions (2010) and includes the northwestern European countries in the survey. The questions cover a wide range of topics designed to meet the European Union's political needs. The main variables in this study are sickness presenteeism and several indicators of time demands. Results: The results show that the self-employed report a higher level of sickness presenteeism than the employed: 52.4 versus 43.6%. All indicators of time demands are significantly related to the risk for sickness presenteeism, also when controlling for background characteristics. Conclusion: The results confirm that the level of sickness presenteeism is higher among the self-employed and that high time demands are a major explanation to this.

• 대기
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.79-91
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• 2017

It is imperative to understand the characteristics of atmospheric circulation patterns under the climate system due to its impact on climatic factors. Thus this study focused on analyzing the impact of the atmospheric circulation on the relationship between precipitation and temperature regionally. Here we used monthly gridded observational data (i.e., CRU-TS3.2, NOAA-20CR V2c) and HadGEM2-AO climate model by RCP8.5, for the period of 1960~1999 and 2060~2099. The experiment results indicated that the negative relationship was presented over East Asia and Europe during summer. On the other hand, at around Korea (i.e. EA1: $31^{\circ}N{\sim}38^{\circ}N$, $126^{\circ}E{\sim}140^{\circ}E$) and Northwestern Europe (i.e. EU1: $48^{\circ}N{\sim}55^{\circ}N$, $0^{\circ}E{\sim}16^{\circ}E$) in winter, strong positive relationship dominate due to warm moist advection come from ocean related to intensity variation of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), respectively. It was found that values of positive relation in EA1 and EU1 at the end of the 21st century is regionally greater than at the end of 20th century during winter since magnitude of variation of the EAWM and NAO is projected to be greater in the future as result of simulation with RCP 8.5. Future summer, the negative correlations are weakened in EA1 region while strengthened in EU1 region. For better understanding of correlations with respect to RCP scenarios, a further study is required.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.104-104
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• 2019

Licorice species (Glycyrhiza species) are perennial plants belonging to the Leguminosae family. Licorice is world-widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The licorice species, such as Glycyrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) and G. glabra, have been widely used in traditional oriental medicine. G. uralensis is found in Central Asia to the northeastern part of China and G. glabra is distributed from southern Europe to the northwestern part of China. These licorice species are characterized by having various pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune improvement, and anti-tumor effects. In this study, we investigated the comparative anti-inflammatory effects of four licorice varieties (G. glabra L., G. uralensis FISCH., Shinwongam, and Wongam) on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of licorices at various concentrations. In addition, the nitric oxide (NO) production was elucidated by the treatment of licorice.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2008년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.294-298
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• 2008

Snow cover is a potential water resource for later spring and summer seasons as well as a thermal mirror with high reflectivity causing decreases of surface air temperature during cold winter seasons. In this study, current and future changes in Northern Hemisphere snow extent and their potential linkages with atmospheric circulation are examined. The NOAA AVHRR visible snow extent (1967-2006) data as well as observational (NCEP-DOE 1979-2006) and modeled (GFDL 2.1 2081-2100) pressure and surface air temperature data are used. Analyses of observational data demonstrate that the snow extent in meteorological spring (March to April) and summer (June to August) has significantly decreased since the late 1980s. The offset of snow seasons (the timing of snow melt in spring) have also significantly advanced particularly in Europe, East Asia, and northwestern North America. Analyses of pressure fields reveal that the spatial patterns of the earlier snow melt are associated with changes in atmospheric circulation such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO). In the positive winter AO years, multiple positive pressure departure cores in the upper troposphere (200hPa) are observed over the mid-latitude regions from March to mid-April, while a negative pressure departure core (70hPa) prevails over the Arctic Ocean. The reversed anomaly patterns related to later snow melt occur in negative winter AO years. The comparison between current and future thermal spring onsets suggest that snow melt patterns will intensify with larger greenhouse gas emissions, indicating earlier hydrological spring onset.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1563-1567
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• 2005

Mori Cortex Radicis is distributed in Northwestern China, northern Asia, northern Europe, North America, and Korea. This extracts drops sugar in bloods and inhibits cyclic AMP phophodiesterase. In this study, we investigated whether Mori Cortex Radicis would cause apoptotic death of A549 lung cancer cells. To examine the apoptotic effect of Mori Cortex Radicis, cytotoxicity assay, DNA fragmentation analysis, caspase-3 activity assay, and Western blotting for caspase-3, caspase-9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and cytochrome c were performed. Treatment of cells with Mori Cortex Radicis was shown to induce cell death in a dose-dependent manner. DNA fragmentation was made in response to Mori Cortex Radicis. The active fragments of caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP were almost completely induced and cytochrome c was released following exposure to Mori Cortex Radicis. To elucidate the apoptotic mechanisms, RT-PCR and Western blot analyses for the expression of Bcl-2, Bu and Cox-2 were carried out. Treatment with Mori Cortex Radicis was expressed the reduction of Bcl-2 and Cox-2 and the induction of Bax. Especially p21 and p53 were increased prior to untreated control, while cyclin E and cyclin D1 decreased in the cytosol. These results suggest that the effect Mori Cortex Radicis is associated with the cell cycle arrest and pro-apoptotic cell death in A549 lung cancer cells.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.125-136
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• 2019

Vitis vinifera is very susceptible to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). A number of authors have suggested different genetic populations of this fungus exist in Europe, each showing a different degree of virulence. Work performed to date indicates this diversity to be the result of different factors. In areas where gene flow is greater and recombination more frequent, the diversity of P. viticola appears to be wider. In vineyards isolated by geographic barriers, a race may become dominant and produce clonal epidemics driven by asexual reproduction. The aim of the present work was to identify the conditions that influence the genetic diversity of P. viticola populations in the vineyards of northwestern Spain, where the climatic conditions for the growth of this fungus are very good. Vineyards situated in a closed, narrow valley of the interior, in more open valleys, and on the coast were sampled and the populations of P. viticola detected were differentiated at the molecular level through the examination of microsatellite markers. The populations of P. viticola represented in primary and secondary infections were investigated in the same way. The concentration of airborne sporangia in the vegetative cycle was also examined, as was the virulence of the different P. viticola populations detected. The epidemiological characteristics of the fungus differed depending on the degree of isolation of the vineyard, the airborne spore concentration, and on whether the attack was primary or secondary. Strong isolation was associated with the appearance of dominant fungal races and, therefore, reduced populational diversity.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.239-249
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• 1982

서독(西獨), 스웨덴, 네덜란드의 삼림(森林)에서 수종혼교(樹種混交), 수령(樹令), 임관(林冠), 임분(林分)의 생태적(生態的) 조건(條件)을 포함(包含)한 우량임분(優良林分)의 개요(槪要)가 조사(調査)되었다. 우량종자생산(優良種子生産)을 위(爲)한 채종원(採種園)의 조성계획(造成計劃) 또한 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 검토(檢討)되었다. 1. 강수량(降水量)이 많고 상대습도(相對濕度)가 높은 기상조건(氣象條件)은 고위도(高緯度)에 위치(位置)한 Scandinavia 반도(半島)와 서북(西北) Europe지방(地方)이 해양성기후(海洋性氣候)임을 입증(立證)한다. 일장(日長)에 따른 광주성(光週性)과 강상시기(降霜時期)는 스웨덴 산림(山林)에서 bud-setting과 bud-flushing에 따른 나무의 적응성(適應性)은 생장(生長) pattern과 수종(樹種)의 분포(分布)를 결정(決定)한다. 2. 유럽의 산림(山林)은 독일가문비나무, 유럽소나무, 전나무, 너도밤나무, 참나무류(類), 유럽잎갈나무를 포함하는 고목(高木)으로 구성된 상층임관(上層林冠)과 가문비나무, 전나무, 너도밤나무등의 내음성(耐陰性) 수종의 하층임관(下層林冠)과 자작나무, 참나무, 서나무를 포함하는 유치수(幼稚樹)의 하층지피식생(下層地被植生)으로 조성된 밀도(密度) 높은 다층(多層) 이령임형(異令林型)이 특정이다. 3. 단목택벌작업(單木擇伐作業)과 군장산벌작업(群狀傘伐作業)이 작업종(作業種)으로 흔히 적용(適用)되나 부분적(部分的)으로 산벌작업(傘伐作業)과 소면적(小面積) 개벌작업(皆伐作業)이 일부지역(一部地域)에서 실시(實施)되고 있다. Baden식(式) 획벌작업(劃伐作業)과 Bayern식(式) 획벌작업(劃伐作業)이 Schwarzwarld의 갱신(更新)에 널리 쓰이지만 택벌(擇伐) 작업(作業)도 부분적(部分的)으로 적용(適用)되고 있다. 4. 임목(林木)의 벌채(伐採)는 보속적(保續的)인 생산(生産)과 생태계(生態系)의 보전(保全)을 위(爲)해서 Europe의 산림경영(山林經營)에서는 년생장량(年生長量)을 넘지 않도록 적절(適切)히 제한(制限)되고 있다. 산림경영(山林經營)에 있어서 국토보존(國土保存)과 휴양기능(休養機能)은 목재생산(木材生産)의 증진(增進)과 함께 더욱 중요시(重要視) 되어지고 있다. 5. 미국산(美國産) Douglas-fir, red oak, 소나무류(類)와 일본낙엽송(日本落葉松), 이태리포푸라등(等)과 같은 외래수종(外來樹種)의 조림(造林)이 시도(試圖)되고 있으나 병충해(病蟲害), 기상해(氣象害)의 우려 때문에 신중한 주의(注意)가 기우려지고 있다. 6. 이들 국가(國家)에서는 수형목선발(秀型木選拔), 채종림선정(採種林選定), 산지시험(産地試驗), 차대검정(次代檢定), clone complexing을 위(爲)한 잡종채종원(雜種採種園)과 같은 임목개량(林木改良)에 관(關)한 몇가지 집중적(集中的)인 연구(硏究)가 수행(修行)되고 있으며 Sweden과 Netherland에서는 조림(造林)에 소요(所要)되는 종자(種子)의 상당양이 조성(造成)된 채종원(採種園)으로부터 공급(供給)되어지고 있다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 1996

본 연구는 지표상의 기상 요소의 분포 특성이 이압계(氣壓系)뿐만 아니라 기압계를 지배하는 상충대기의 상층대기의 환류(還流)의 특성과도 밀접한 관계가 있음을 기준하여, 우리나라에 있어서 지난 30년간($1965{\sim}1994$) 28개 관측지점을 대상으로 동계 기온을 표준편차(標準偏差)에 의해 분류하였으며, 여기서 나타난 이상한(異常寒) 난월(暖月) 중 대표적인 1992년(이상난한동월(異常暖寒冬月), EH)과 1984년(이상한동월(異常寒冬月), EL)의 1월에 있어 500hPa면 고도 특성 및 몇 가지의 분석을 통하여 한 난동월의 특징을 살펴보았다. 난동월(暖冬月)에서는 강수량이 많았다. 우리나라의 경우 500hPa면은 난동월(暖冬月)에는 trough를 한동월(寒冬月)에는 남북유형(南北類型)유형을 나타내고 있다. 순환의 특징에서 우리나라 부근의 500hPa면 고도는 난동월년이 1984년에 비해 높았고, 동서지수에 있어서도 난동월이 높았다. 이외에도 환류형과 환류파수형에서는 난동월이 M형의 3파수, 1984년이 5형의 3파수(波數)로 나타나 단지 파수형(波數型)만으로는 한(寒) 난동월(暖冬月)을 구분하기가 어려운 것으로 밝혀지고 있다. 지상 기압에 있어서는 한동월이 난동월에 비해 서고동저(西高東底)의 기압배치가 강하게 나타나고 있다. 향후 동계 전월에 관해 850hPa면의 분석 등을 추가한 좀 더 포괄적인 연구를 하고자 한다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2006

미더덕(Styela clava)은 척색동물문 미색동물아문에 속하는 해양생물로서, 독특한 향과 맛으로 인해 식품에 널리 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미더덕의 생리활성물질로의 활용가능성을 탐색하고자 미더덕을 전체, 살 및 껍질 부분으로 나누어 아세톤으로 추출한 뒤 산화적 DNA 손상억제 및 항암 활성을 측정하였다. 미더덕 각 부위 추출물을 5, 10, $50\;{\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 백혈구에 처리한 후 200\;{\mu}M의 $H_2O_2$로 산화적 스트레스를 유발하여 DNA 손상 억제 정도를 검증하기 위해 comet assay를 실시하였다. 미더덕 전체 추출물을 5, 10, $50\;{\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 백혈구에 처리했을 때 손상된 DNA tail 부분의 DNA 함량을 측정한 % fluorescence in tail이 26.9, 27.0, 23.8%로 63.9%인 $H_2O_2$ 처리 양성대조구에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였으며 미더덕살 추출물의 경우, 5, 10, $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ 처리시 농도에 의한 효과 차이는 볼 수 없었지만 양성대조구에 비해 유의적으로 DNA 손상정도가 감소하였다. 미더덕 껍질 추출물의 경우 같은 농도로 처리했을 때 각각 농도 의존적이며 유의적으로 DNA 손상정도가 감소하였다. 인간 대장암 유래의 세포주 HT-29의 성장억제 효과에 조사하기 위해 미더덕 부위별 아세톤 추출물을 10, 50, 100, $500\;{\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 각각 처리한 뒤 MTT reduction assay 방법으로 측정한 결과, 각 추출물에 대해 전체적으로 농도의존적으로 암세포 성장 억제효과가 증가되었다. 전체, 살, 껍질 부위별 추출물을 $100\;{\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 첨가하였을 때 각각 90.5%, 82.0%, 75.2%로 비교적 낮은 활성을 보였지만, $500\;{\mu}g/ml$로 처리했을 때 각각 26.9%, 30.6%, 12.0%로 급격히 활성이 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 특히 껍질 부분의 아세톤 추출물이 강한 DNA 손상억제 및 암세포 성장 억제 효과를 보임을 알 수 있었다.