• Acta Via Serica
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.125-146
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• 2019

This paper deals with the question of the origin of polo. Although it is a sport that has been mainly active in the West since the nineteenthcentury, it is well known that British troops in the northern part of Pakistan learned about the sport from the local people there. Most agree that the origin of polo is Iran. However, in this paper, rather than specifying a specific area as the birthplace of polo, it is argued that polo was a cultural phenomenon commonly found on the Silk Road. This is based on the fact that polo has been known for centuries in China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, as well as throughout Iran, northern India, Tibet, Central Asia, and the Uighur Autonomous Region. Yet, the transmission of polo cannot be traced chronologically according to the supposed propagation route. This cultural phenomenon has changed over a long period of time according to the local environment, and the change was caused by mutual exchanges, not by one party. Therefore, there are limitations to interpreting cultural phenomena linearly. Thus, the origin of polo could also be identified with another area, namely Baltistan in modern day Pakistan, instead of Iran. These results support the argument that to understand Silk Road civilization, a process-centric approach based on 'exchanges', not a method of exploring archetypes to find 'the place of origin', should be utilized. Polo is undoubtedly an important cultural artifact with which to read the Silk Road as a cultural belt complex, as well as an example of the common culture created by the whole Silk Road.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.93-106
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• 2019

The Yangsan Fault is one of the main fault systems in the Korean peninsula. It can be divided into three segments (northern, central, and southern) by its paleoseismic and structural geologic properties. Based on the geomorphic features of the northern segment, which includes the Yugye Fault, we identified deflected streams as a geomorphic marker of strike-slip component of the fault, and knickpoints along the streams as evidence of dip-slip component of the fault. Geomorphic analyses showed that (1) the horizontal displacements of deflected streams decreased and (2) the retreat amounts of knickpoints tend to increased toward north along the lineament. We interpreted the variations caused by strain partitioning; that is, there might be some increases of the vertical component toward north, whereas the main strike-slip fault system dies out, splaying into horsetail structure toward north. Based on the response time of the landforms, these interpretations imply that (1) there were differences between horizontal slip rate and vertical slip rate along strike, and/or (2) there were different timings between horizontal and vertical deformations by fault.

• ALGAE
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.247-263
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• 2015

We sequenced the rbcL gene in more than 100 collections of foliose Bangiales made in the Aleutian Islands and western Alaska Peninsula during the past 25 years. This work allows us to recognize four previously undescribed species, two in the genus Boreophyllum and two in Pyropia. Boreophyllum aleuticum appears to be endemic to the Aleutian Islands, whereas B. ambiguum is known to occur from the Yakutat area to the tip of the Alaska Peninsula. The two previously undescribed species of Pyropia are more broadly distributed. Pyropia taeniata, which was previously identified under the name Py. pseudolinearis, occurs from northern Southeast Alaska through the Aleutian Islands. Pyropia unabbottiae, which is sister to Py. abbottiae, occurs from southern Vancouver Island to Attu Island. Collections throughout the Aleutian Islands allow us to document the distribution of another dozen species of foliose Bangiales in this region, including Boreophyllum aestivale, Fuscifolium tasa, Pyropia fallax, Py. fucicola, Py. gardneri, Py. kurogii, Py. nereocystis, Py. pseudolanceolata, Py. torta, Wildemania amplissima, W. norrisii, and W. variegata. We were unable to confirm the occurrence of the following species previously recorded from the Aleutian Islands: Porphya ochotensis, Pyropia abbottiae, Py. perforata, Py. pseudolinearis, P. purpurea, P. umbilicalis, Py. yezoensis and Wildemania schizophylla. At least two undescribed filamentous Bangiales also occur in the Aleutian Islands.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.553-564
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• 2018

최근 대두되고 있는 기후변화는 물과 탄소의 순환으로 이뤄진 생태계 간의 상호작용으로 인해 발생한다. 이를 분석하기 위해 물 이용효율(Water Use Efficiency, WUE)이 사용되는데, 이는 광합성 시 사용되는 수분 대비 흡수되는 탄소의 비율이다. 물 이용효율은 주변 환경의 기상 및 지표 조건에 영향을 받으며, 생태계의 변화를 반영하는 지표다. 본 연구에서는 한반도의 시공간적 물 이용효율을 분석하며, 나아가 가뭄과의 연관성을 가뭄 지수를 통해 보고자 한다. 물 이용효율과 가뭄 지수를 측정하기 위해서 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) 영상으로부터 Gross Primary Production(GPP, 총일차생산량)과 Evapotranspiration(ET, 증발산량) 자료를 산정하였다. 이를 통해 계산한 물 이용효율은 한반도의 전 지역과 모든 식생 종류에 대해 여름 우기철에 감소하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 나아가 연간 물 이용효율은 가뭄 지수와 음의 상관관계를 보이며 한반도의 남쪽 지역으로 갈수록 그 상관계수가 증가하였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.292-303
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• 2022

Background: Climate change significantly influences the geographical distribution of plant species worldwide. Selecting indicator species allows for better-informed and more effective ecosystem management in response to climate change. The Korean Peninsula is the northernmost distribution zone of warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved (WTEB) species in Northeast Asia. Considering the ecological value of these species, we evaluated the current distribution range and future suitable habitat for 13 WTEB tree species designated as climate-sensitive biological indicator species. Results: Up-to-date and accurate WTEB species distribution maps were constructed using herbarium specimens and citizen science data from the Korea Biodiversity Observation Network. Current northern limits for several species have shifted to higher latitudes compared to previous records. For example, the northern latitude limit for Stauntonia hexaphylla is higher (37° 02' N, Deokjeokdo archipelago) than that reported previously (36° 13' N). The minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) is the major factor influencing species distribution. Under future climate change scenarios, suitable habitats are predicted to expand toward higher latitudes inland and along the western coastal areas. Conclusions: Our results support the suitability of WTEB trees as significant biological indicators of species' responses to warming. The findings also suggest the need for consistent monitoring of species distribution shifts. This study provides an important baseline dataset for future monitoring and management of indicator species' responses to changing climate conditions in South Korea.

• 대기
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.277-290
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• 2017

Characteristics of precipitation in South Korea during the 2016 Changma period (6/18~7/30) are analyzed in great details. El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$-induced tropical Indian Ocean (IO) basin-wide warming lasts from spring to early summer and induces the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) circulation anomaly through an equatorial Kelvin wave during the 2016 Changma period. Along the northern edge of the WNPSH, strong precipitation occurred, in particular, over eastern China and southern Japan. During the Changma period, South Korea had the near-normal mean precipitation amount (~332 mm). However, about 226 mm of rain fell in South Korea during 1 July to 6 July, which amounts to 67% of total Changma precipitation in that year. Upper-level synoptic migratory lows and low-level moisture transport played an essential role, especially from 1 July to 3 July, in triggering an abrupt development of fronts over the Korean Peninsula and the eastern continent China. The front over the eastern China migrates progressively eastward, which results in heavy rainfall over the Korean peninsula from 1 to 3 July. In contrast, from 4 to 6 July, the typhoon (NEPARTAK) affected an abrupt northward advance of the North Pacific subtropical high (NPSH). The northward extension of the NPSH strengthens the Changma front and induces the southerly flows toward the Korean peninsula, giving rise to an increase in heavy rainfall. The NEPARTAK is generated due to interaction of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), equatorial Rossby wave and Kelvin waves.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.32-45
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• 2016

The anthropogenic aerosols originated from the pollutant emissions in the eastern part of China and dust emitted in northwestern China in Yellow sand regions are subsequently transported via eastward wind to the Korean peninsula and then these aerosols induce high $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Korean peninsula. In order to estimate air quality considering anthropogenic and dust emissions, Comprehensive Air-quality Model with extension (CAMx) was applied to simulate $PM_{10}$ concentration. The predicted $PM_{10}$ concentrations without/with dust emissions were compared with observations at ambient air quality monitoring sites in China and Korea for 2008. The predicted $PM_{10}$ concentrations with dust emissions could depict the variation of measured $PM_{10}$ especially during Yellow sand events in Korea. The comparisons also showed that predicted $PM_{10}$ concentrations without dust emissions were under-predicted while predictions of $PM_{10}$ concentrations with dust emission were in good agreement with observations. This implied that dust emissions from desert and barren soil in southern Mongolia and northern China minimized the discrepancies in the $PM_{10}$ predictions in East Asia. The effect of dust emission on annual $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Korea Peninsula for year 2008 was $5{\sim}10{\mu}g/m^3$, which were about 20% of observed annual $PM_{10}$ concentrations.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2005

GRACE 위성자료를 이용하여 한반도를 포함한 동아시아 지역에서 지오이드와 중력이상을 계산하였다. 지오이드의 기복은 중국 내륙에서 한반도를 거쳐 태평양쪽으로 갈수록 음에서 양으로 -60 m에서 60m로의 변화가 나타난다 중력이 상은 섭입대에서의 특징적인 -100 mgal 이하의 저이상대를 제외하면 전체적으로 $-60\~60\;mgal$의 분포를 보이며, 북한 지역의 백두산과 개마고원, 남한지역의 태백산맥에서 고이상이, 동해의 울릉분지, 일본분지, 야마토 분지에서 저이상이 관찰된다. 지각 성분만을 고려하기 위한 방법으로 구면조화분석시 degree 10이하의 광역성분을 제거하여 잔여이상을 계산하였다. 계산된 잔여이상에서 한반도 육상 북부 산간 지역과 경상분지 일대에서 고이상이 보이고, 한반도 주변 해상지역의 서한만 분지와 남한 군산분지, 제주분지, 울릉분지 등지에서 저이상대가 관찰된다. 육상지역과 해상지역에서 계산된 잔여이상과 degree별 분리된 이상대의 분포는 지하 지질 규모 및 심도별 분포와 관련하여 대규모 지구조를 규명하거나, 나아가 지하자원 탐사에 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대기
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.207-221
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• 2022

In Jeju, on January 23, 2016, a cold surge accompanied by heavy snowfall with the most significant amount of 12 cm was the highest record in 32 years. During this period, the temperature of 850 hPa in January was the lowest in 2016. Notably, in 2016, the average surface temperature of January on the Polar cap was the highest since 1991, and 500 hPa geopotential height also showed the highest value. With this condition, the polar vortex in the northern hemisphere meandered and expanded into the subtropics regionally, covering the Korean Peninsula with very high potential vorticity up to 7 Potential Vorticity Unit. As a result, the strong cold advection, mostly driven by a northerly wind, around the Korean Peninsula occurred at over 2𝜎. Previous studies have not addressed this extreme synoptic condition linked to polar vortex expansion due to the unprecedented Arctic warming. We suggest that the occurrence of a strong Ural blocking event after the abrupt warming of the Barents/Karas seas is a major cause of unusually strong cold advection. With a specified mesoscale model simulation with SST (Sea Surface Temperature), we also show that the warmer SST condition near the Korean Peninsula contributed to the heavy snowfall event on Jeju Island.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.259-267
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• 2011

A pollen analytical study of sediment sequences collected from Yongneup moor (sampling point: $38^{\circ}$12'57.4" N, $120^{\circ}$7'30.2" E) was conducted to understand the vegetation history in the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula. Carbon dating was carried out to measure five successive samples obtained from the bottom at a depth of 180 cm to the surface. The Yongneup moor sediment revealed four main local pollen zones; that is, four past vegetation phases as follows: Local pollen zone I: Quercus-Pinus zone; estimated age, 5,900-4,800 calibrated years (cal) before present (BP); vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone II: Pinus-Abies-Quercus zone; estimated age, 4,800-3,400 cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate northern/alti-montane mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone III: Quercus-Pinus-Abies zone; estimated age, 3,400-400 cal BP; vegetation type: cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone IV: Pinus-Quercus zone; estimated age, 400-present cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane mixed deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forest. It was confirmed that subalpine coniferous forests had expanded to the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula during the period from 4,800-3,400 cal BP and thereafter deciduous forests dominated by Q. mongolica were established. Notably, secondary forests dominated by P. densiflora developed in the lower part of the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula about 400 cal BP due to human interference.