• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2011

The number of North Korean refugees residing in the Republic of Korea (South) has reached 17,000, and this number is expected to exceed 20,000 (North Korean Supporter's Association, 2009). Refugees have developed improper dietary habits while hiding and escaping North Korea. They have also developed preferences for exotic food. This thesis attempts determine the changes in Korean food. This study also describes the view on South Korean food by North Korean refugees. According to our survey, women refugees had better dietary habits than men. Moreover, women and those in their 40's showed a tendency to choose food based on quality over quantity. Both men and women refugees responded that they cook food based on North Korean recipes. Those who view their current financial status as average or higher stated that South Korean food is tastier than North Korean food. Those whose financial status among North Koreans was average or higher when they lived in North Korea appreciated the splendor and beauty of South Korean food more. The results of this study are expected to assist in determining the differences in dietary habits between those from the North compared to Koreans living in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, studies between South and North Korean food should continue.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.64-73
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• 1999

We performed a study to understand the dietary situation in North Korea and to compare the difference between the North and the South. Two hundred North Korean defectors from the North since 1990 participated in this survey. Information was collected from December, 1997 to February, 1998 by mailing pre-tested questionnaires, which had been confirmed by 10 previous interviewers. The final data from 157 defectors(107 male and 33 female with 17 unidentified gender) were analyzed. We found that (1) North Koreans are lower in height, weight and BMI than South Koreans, (2) The North Korean diet is very simple and monotonous. It is limited to their local and unprocessed foods and dishes, which is far from the trend of globalization and readiness. (3) On the other hand, in the North, the government control on foods diminished because food shortage leads to free market activity where housewives manage their own foodservices, and to accelate their eating-out behaviors. (4) Profound differences between the South and the North in dietary life are noticed by the defectors as English words and Korean words. Efforts to understand and learn about each other is necessary before not too late.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제8권9호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2018

In Europe side, Most of North Korean refugee lives in New Malden, Kingstone resident with South Korean and international student near London, United Kingdom (UK).The reason why dispersed around in Europe is can be issue in societies with secure problem and temporary protection status have to be accept for change the concept in international law and refugee law. their ethnicity is organized by North Korean defectors, South Korean, Korean-Chinese in the area of New Malden and Kingstone.it means small unification is going to foundation on abroad. also their solidarity of diasporic integration development would ahead. and have to organise of Coexistence between U.K and thier ethnicity. for Humanitarian way for vulnerable. But Europe is not the most welcoming place for North Koreans at the moment. The European Alliance for Human Rights in North Korea, an advocacy group, reported in 2015 that many European countries had rejected the vast majority of North Korean asylum cases. Partly this is to do with how governments view North Korean defectors: the UK "considers North Koreans as South Korean citizens, thus excluding them from refugee status".

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2006

본 연구는 북한이탈주민의 귀인 양식을 좀 더 정확하게 밝히기 위해 만화형 귀인 측정 도구를 사용하여 진행되었다. 연구 대상자는 북한이탈주민 61명과 남한주민을 68명을 포함하여 총 129명이었다. 연구 결과, 양측 주민들 간의 귀인 양식 면에서 유사한 점과 상이한 점이 동시에 드러났다. 즉, 양측 주민이 여러 가지 시나리오 형태에 대해 대체로 내부 귀인을 많이 하였다는 점에서는 공통점이 있으나 북한이탈주민에 비해 남한주민이 내부 귀인 경향을 많이 보였다는 점에서 차이점이 있었다. 이러한 경향은 통제가능 통제불가능 귀인 차원에서도 유사하게 드러났다. 하지만 안정-불안정 귀인 차원에서는 남한주민은 안정 귀인을, 북한이탈주민은 불안정 귀인을 주로 한다는 점이 드러났다. 그리고 이상의 차이는 다양한 속성의 시나리오에서 상당히 일관되게 나타났다. 또한, 시나리오의 주인공이 남한출신인가 북한출신인가에 따라서 양측 주민 간의 귀인 양식의 차이가 발생하였고, 개인의 검증된 능력과 속성에 대해서도 이주(migration)와 같이 상황이 달라지면 그 능력과 속성의 영향력이 낮아질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 북한이탈주민의 생활만족도와 귀인 양식의 관련성이 남한주민보다 강하게 나타났다.

• 음성과학
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• 제6권
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• pp.33-44
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• 1999

This paper aims to analyze whether the phenomenon of /u/$\rightarrow$/i/ is a hypercorrection or not in the North Korean dialects. Most North Koreans pronounce /i/(gold) as /kum/ because the vowel /i/ merges into the peripheral vowel space of /u/ in their dialects. The merger of back vowel is one of most distinctive characters in North Korean dialects. But some speakers pronounce /chubann/(exile) as /chiban/. This time /u/ in peripheral space moves to /i/ in central vowel space. It seems that the vowels /i/ and /u/ exchange places with each other when they uttered in North Korean. Though it was observed that the vowel movement of /i/$\rightarrow$/u/ was caused by the merger of back vowels, the reason why vowel /u/ moves in the opposite direction, that is, the central space of vowel /i/ has not been analyzed yet. This experiment starts with hypothesis that the movement of /u/$\rightarrow$/i/ might be caused by hypercorrection. The first step of this research is to analyze /u/$\rightarrow$/i/ pronunciation of North Koreans. The second step is to compare the results of North Korean pronunciation with those of South Korean pronunciation and observe whether tendency of /u/$\rightarrow$/i/pronunciation can also be found in the standard Seoul dialect and other South Korean dialects.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.33-54
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• 2007

본 연구는 남한주민과 북한이탈주민이 상호 간의 문화와 개인적 특성을 파악하여 좀 더 원활한 대인관계 능력을 획득하고, 상대방 문화에 대한 적응력을 가지도록 하기 위해 구성된 집단상담프로그램의 구성과 그 효과를 검증한 것이다. 이 프로그램은 기존 연구들에서 실제 검증되지 못한 프로그램들이 가진 장점을 최대한 반영하여 양측 주민들이 동등한 입장에서 상호의존적 협동 작업을 하면서 자연스럽게 대인관계 능력을 획득하고, 상대방 문화에 적응할 수 있도록 하는 것이었다. 각 회기는 1.5시간씩이고, 총 4회기로 1주일 간격으로 진행되었다. 본 연구는 사전-사후 조사에 의해 검증되었고, 통제군도 설정되어 있는데, 통제군에 비해 본 프로그램 참가군이 긍정적 효과를 보였다. 단, 북한이탈주민 중 5명이 중도에 이탈하여 프로그램 효과 중 남한 주민의 북한이탈주민에 대한 신뢰감을 낮추는 효과가 발생하였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.255-267
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• 2019

This study was conducted to understand the dietary life of North Koreans by analyzing dietary life-related articles published in Joseon Nyeoseong, which is the only women's magazine in North Korea. This study employed content analysis of 769 articles from 1999 to 2017. The major findings of this study were as follows. Out of the 769 articles, 131 (17.0%) were about dietary culture, 541 (70.4%) were about the food and nutrition, and 97 (12.6%) were about food production. The articles emphasized ethnic food and North Koreans ingredients, spices, cooking methods, containers, and etiquette. A variety of foods and ingredients were used to maintain health, as well as to treat common illnesses and health problems. There were 173 recipes mentioned in the magazine, but no foreign food recipes. There were many dishes that could be preserved for a long time such as Kimchi and pickles. For food security, many vegetables and plant-eating animals such as rabbits were cultivated. Overall, the results indicate that North Korea has been maintaining its unique dietary life without being influenced by foreign countries.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2003

Koreans were started moving to Yunhaju in Russia for escaping from tyrannical rule and famine in 1860's in Korea. Social and political situation of Russia were made it very hard to get to know about Korean's life there so far. But it was known that Korean Diaspora has been kept traditional way of living in without contacts between Korea for 140 years. This study examined the dwellings of Korean Diaspora in Yunhaju through reviewing related documents and records firstly and had a time to visit places which Koreans lived since 1860's for example Posyet(equation omitted), Suifen(equation omitted), Ussuriisk(equation omitted), Vladivostok(equation omitted), Partizansk(equation omitted) and took interviews with Koreans who lived there pre 1930's. Results of research were as following : 1) A first place to settle down for Koreans in Yunhaju was Posye(equation omitted) and scattered as time goes by far away from there. 2) Koreans were helping each other for living and they had their own self managing organizations in village there. 3) The villages which was made in Yunhaju by Koreans in the beginning were similar to traditional ones in Korea. 4) It was verified that dwellings which was built by Koreans in Yunhaju were similar to ones in north area in Korea. At that time lots of Korean Diaspora came from north part and they kept their own traditional way of building houses there for a long time. 5) Korean Diaspora have been kept traditional heating system ‘Ondol’ in their various types of houses until now in Yunhaju. Moreover, it is known that Russians prefer to set ‘Ondol’ in their houses recently as a very special and expensive heating system. This study would be a very good opportunity to standing out Korean history of housing in Yunhaju as well as evaluating their identification as Koreans. For this, it is needed to take more deep research in specific areas which could see more various types of housing and could compare ones between two countries.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.198-204
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Food shortage situation in North Korea has gained much interest, however food insecurity caused by the food shortage in North Korean households has not been much investigated. This study examined food security experiences and food consumption pattern of displaced North Korean households currently living in South Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Food security experience among 51 North Korean households living in South Korea was examined using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) in three time points: immediately before childbirth, immediately before leaving North Korea, and immediately before entering South Korea. Meal/snack consumption frequencies and food diversity were also examined. RESULTS: Food security situation was the worst at the time of immediately before leaving North Korea with the average HFIAS score of 10.05. The households that were food insecure, they tended to be "severely" insecure. Although majority of the subjects reported having three or more meals a day, food diversity in their diet was very low with the average food diversity score of 2.17 immediately before childbirth and 1.74 immediately before leaving North Korea. Their diet appeared to heavily rely on grain and vegetable. CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of few that specifically examined food security of North Korean households with a pre-developed scale, and that demonstrated food security situation at different time points in quantified terms. Replicating this study with different groups of North Korean households for different time points would allow more complete understanding of impacts of food shortage. Food diversity score could provide a good way to examine changes of food consumption occurring to North Koreans in the process of adaptation. More attention to the changes occurring during adaption to South Korea should be given to understand the process and impact and to prepare public nutrition policy for the re-unified Korea.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2011

연구목적: 본 연구는 북한이탈주민의 신체질환이 우울증상에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 시행되었다. 방 법: 인천 지역에 거주하는 북한이탈주민 144명(남/여=20/124)과 남한 출생 주민 376명(남/여=133/243)이 연구에 참여했다. 모든 연구 참여자에게 일대일 면담을 시행하여 인구학적 정보와 신체질환 여부를 조사하였다. 또한, 우울 증상을 평가하기 위해 역학연구센터 우울척도(The Center for Epidemiologic Sstudies-Depression Scale, CES-D)를 작성하도록 하였다. 결 과: 성별, 나이, 결혼 여부, 교육연한, 고용상태, 신체질환 여부와 같은 인구학적 변인을 통제한 이후에도 남한 출신 주민에 비해 북한이탈주민의 CES-D 점수가 높았다(${\beta}$=0.449, p<0.001). 또한 북한이탈주민에서는 신체질환이 다른 인구학적 변수와 독립적으로 높은 CES-D 점수를 예측할 수 있었으나(${\beta}$=0.243, p<0.001), 남한 출신 주민에서는 신체질환과 CES-D 점수가 유의한 관련성이 없었다. 신체질환을 동반한 북한이탈주민의 CES-D 점수($26.8{\pm}13.8$)는 신체질환이 없는 북한이탈주민($19.7{\pm}12.7$)에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 그러나, 신체질환이 있는 남한 주민($10.3{\pm}9.8$)과 신체질환이 없는 남한 주민의 CES-D 점수($9.3{\pm}8.8$)는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론: 북한이탈주민은 성별, 나이, 교육, 고용, 결혼 여부와 독립적으로 남한 출신 주민에 비해 우울증상이 심하였다. 또한, 북한이탈주민에서 신체질환과 우울증의 관련성이 유의하였다. 이는 특히 북한이탈주민의 경우 신체 질환이 있을 때 우울증상에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 함을 시사한다.