• 복식문화연구
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.28-40
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to understand the Korean teenagers\` clothing behavior through pointing out the factors that clothing behavior of teenagers that was initiated from the important reference group, TV stars. The subject of this study were 570 purposively selected students at female middle and high school students in Seoul. The results were as follows : 1. The clothing conformity to TV stars relating to demographic variables was influenced significantly by location and personal expense variable in the high school group. 2. The exhibition showed a more important role to the clothing conformity in middle school group than in high school group. 3. The clothing conformity to TV stars relating to the clothing related variables was significantly affected by self-confidence to clothing than clothing normative recognition, clothing risk recognition and degree of clothing importance regardless of groups. 4. The clothing conformity to TV stars relating to TV media variables was affected by TV media star identification variable in both groups. And in case of middle school group, interests in TV stars also had influence on the clothing conformity to TV stars. And in case of high school group, interests in TV had effect on the imitation to TV stars\` clothing. As middle school students tend to have self-identification about a particular person, TV media stars become the reference group for the adolescence to follow their clothing.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2020

Purpose: This research examines the factors that influence organic food purchasing decisions of kindergartens in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: A mixed-method research was utilized in this study. It included a focus group of 10 participants and a survey of 304 respondents, (quantitative research) who are employed in the selected kindergartens, using both online and paper surveys based on nonprobability and convenient sampling. The SPSS and SmartPLS 3 software were used to analyze data. Results: a) Eight factors affect the purchase decision of kindergartens; b) Environment Attention, Normative Beliefs, Trust belief on brand, Cost of meal set, and Reference group positively affect Intention behavior; c) Feeling safe positively affect Perceived Quality Product. Perceived quality of product and Intention behavior positively affect organic food Purchase Decision of kindergartens. Conclusion: Eight factors affect organic food purchasing decisions of kindergartens in Ho Chi Minh City. This study offers recommendation and solutions for a stable output of organic products in Vietnam, and ways to popularize them within the community.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.13-34
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• 1991

The main purpose of this study is to examine housing norm of the middle classes, housing norm and normative housing deficits by independent variables(socio - economic variables, family characteristic variable sand housing characteristic variables).There are two major findings of this study as follows :1. In the housing norm, housing space is 99.Om2, the number of rooms is 3.0, housing structure type is apartment, the maintenance cost is 13 thousand won, and housing tenure is home ownership. And housing qualify is classified into 5 dimensions, and neighborhood environment is classified into 3 dimensions.2. This thesis is to conform Morris et aL.(1984)`s hypotheses that cultural norm is homogeneous in culturally unified society and if it appears heterogeneously, It is the subject`s reporting error of the subjects confusing cultural norm with family norm.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to obtain normative nasalance scores for adult subjects speaking the Korean language. Additional objectives of the study were to determine if speaker sex played a role in differences in nasalance score and there was significantly correlation of nasalance score with nasalance slope score. The subjects include 75 healthy young Korean adults with normal oral and velopharyngeal resource and function. They had no history of speech problem, were judged as having normal speech and resonance at the time of testing, and had no upper respiratory tract infections or allergies at the time of testing. The Nasometer II 6400 was used to obtain nasalance scores and nasalance slope scores for /a/, /i/, /e/, /o/, /u/, /ja/, /je/, /wi/, /p'ap'i/ and /sasi/. The data of nasalance and nasalance slope were analyzed statistically. The mean nasalance score of the female was significantly higher than that of male at /a/, /i/, /wi/, /p'ap'i/ and /sasi/(p <0.10). The mean nasalance score of /i/ was highest and that of /o/ was the lowest. In this study, we could not and the relationship of the nasalance score and the closing slope score. However, there was negative correlation between the mean nasalance score and the opening slope score at ie/ and /;ai, positive to /sasi/. These normative nasalance scores for normal young adults speaking the Korean language provide important reference information for Korean cleft palate teams. In the future study of velopharygneal activity with the Nasometer, the opening slope score will be able to be the important parameter.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.65.1-65.12
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• 2021

Background: To assess the normal retina of the pigeon eye using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and establish a normative reference. Methods: Twelve eyes of six ophthalmologically normal pigeons (Columba livia) were included. SD-OCT images were taken with dilated pupils under sedation. Four meridians, including the fovea, optic disc, red field, and yellow field, were obtained in each eye. The layers, including full thickness (FT), ganglion cell complex (GCC), thickness from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the outer nuclear layer (RPE-ONL), and from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the inner nuclear layer (RPE-INL), were manually measured. Results: The average FT values were significantly different among the four meridians (p < 0.05), with the optic disc meridian being the thickest (294.0 ± 13.9 ㎛). The average GCC was thickest in the optic disc (105.3 ± 27.1 ㎛) and thinnest in the fovea meridian (42.8 ± 15.3 ㎛). The average RPE-INL of the fovea meridian (165.5 ± 18.3 ㎛) was significantly thicker than that of the other meridians (p < 0.05). The average RPE-ONL of the fovea, optic disc, yellow field, and red field were 91.2 ± 5.2 ㎛, 87.7 ± 5.3 ㎛, 87.6 ± 6.5 ㎛, and 91.4 ± 3.9 ㎛, respectively. RPE-INL and RPE-ONL thickness of the red field meridian did not change significantly with measurement location (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Measured data could be used as normative references for diagnosing pigeon retinopathies and further research on avian fundus structure.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identity the relationship of clothing involvement, consumer characteristics, and clothing buying behavior of college female students in China. A questionnaire was developed to measure clothing involvement, materialism, conspicuous consumption, reference group influence, clothing purchasing modes, fashion information sources. The questionnaire was administered to 390 college female students in Dandong of china. The data were analyzed using percentage, frequency, factor analysis, and t-test. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Subjects were divided into low clothing involved and high clothing involved groups according to the level of clothing involvement. 2. Three dimensions of materialism were derived by factor analysis such as Happiness-pursuing, Life-centered, and Sucess-symbolic. And three dimensions of conspicuous consumption and reference group influence were derived by factor analysis such as luxury oriented, Status symbolic, Brand-name oriented, and Comparative, Informational, Normative exactly. Clothing purchasing motives and fashion information sources were factor analysed as Social and Individual mole, and Printed & Electric-wave media, Marketer managed, Personal exactly. 3. There were significant differences between high involved and low involved consumers in consumer characteristics and clothing purchasing behavior. The high involved consumers showed more importance than low involved consumers about materialism especially in Happiness-pursuing about conspicuous consumption in status symbolic and about influence of reference group in comparative. The high involved consumers put more importance than low involved consumer individual motive as clothing purchasing motive, and marketer managed in clothing fashion information. The high invoked consumers showed more importance than low invoked consumers about evaluating attributes of product, and about store patronage criterion.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.431-442
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• 2020

Background: Psychosocial risks are increasingly a type of risk analyzed in organizations beyond chemical, physical, and biological risks. To this type of risk, a greater attention has been given following the update of ISO 9001: 2015, more precisely the requirement 7.1.4 for the process operation environment. The update of this normative reference was intended to approximate OHSAS 18001: 2007 reference updated in 2018 with the publication of ISO 45001. Thus, the organizations are increasingly committed to achieving and demonstrating good occupational health and safety performance. Methods: The aim of this study was to characterize the psychosocial risks in a cryopreservation laboratory and to develop a predictive model for psychosocial risk management. The methodology followed to collect the information was the inquiry by questionnaire that was applied to a sample comprising 200 employees. Results: The results show that most of the respondents are aware of the psychosocial risks, identifying interpersonal relationships and emotional feelings as the main factors that lead to this type of risks. Furthermore, terms such as lack of resources, working hours, lab equipment, stress, and precariousness show strong correlation with psychosocial risks. The model presented in this study, based on artificial neural networks, exhibited good performance in the prediction of the psychosocial risks. Conclusion: This work presents the development of an intelligent system that allows identifying the weaknesses of the organization and contributing to the enhancement of the psychosocial risks management.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.10.1-10.12
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• 2022

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) cannot be diagnosed by a single test because it is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface. Although studies on various dry eye tests (DETs) in dogs have been reported, standard criteria have not been established except for the Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1). Objectives: To establish reference values for DETs in dogs with normal STT-1 values (≥ 15 mm/min) and to analyze the correlation between DETs. Methods: The STT-1 was performed in 10 healthy Beagle dogs (20 eyes). After 20 min, interferometry (IF) for estimating the lipid layer thickness (LLT) of the tear film, tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), and meibomian gland loss rate of the upper eyelid (MGLRU) and lower eyelid (MGLRL), were measured using an ocular surface analyzer. Results: Mean values for STT-1, TMH, and NIBUT were as follows: 21.7 ± 3.4 mm/min, 0.41 ± 0.21 mm, and 19.1 ± 9.5 sec, respectively. The most frequent LLT range, measured by IF, was 30-80 nm (11 eyes), followed by 80 nm (5 eyes) and 80-140 nm (4 eyes). MGLRU ≤ 25% was measured in 11 eyes and 26%-50% in 9 eyes; MGLRL ≤ 25% in 8 eyes and 26%-50% in 12 eyes. Besides positive correlation between TMH and NIBUT (P = 0.038), there were no significant associations between DETs. Conclusions: Data obtained in this study provided normative references that could be useful for diagnosing DED and for further research into correlation between DETs in dogs with DED.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2019

Woolyang(月梁) is a beam which whole shape is curved like a so-called moon(月). According to the ${\ll}$Yeongjobeosig(營造法式)${\gg}$, In the case of beams installed under the ceiling of a wooden building, it is used by manufacturing them in Woolyang(月梁) for maximum visual decorative effects as the shape is exposed. In order to achieve the end of a beam that is manufacturing in Woolyang(月梁), it is important to process it in a suitable size and shape for a given situation to achieve a combination with other members around it. However, in the "營造法式", the standard of production of the Woolyang(月梁) is divided into Myeongbog(明?), Chagyeon(箚牽), Pyeonglyang(平梁), and the height of each beam head is divided into 21分$^{\circ}$, 15分$^{\circ}$, 25分$^{\circ}$, but it is not possible to look at any more specific reference. In this paper, try to consider the principle of Woolyang(月梁) manufacturing and its normative contents which were indirectly proposed in the ${\ll}$Yeongjobeosig(營造法式)${\gg}$.

• 한국어학
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• 제79권
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• pp.145-169
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to review critically the validity and relevance of the pan-national language culture improvement movement, Annyeong! Urimal(Hello! Our Language) implemented for the last three years as part of the government-driven projects, and to seek for improvement direction or fundamental reorientation of this movement. In order to accomplish this purpose, this paper firstly points out abstract and conventional aspects of the diagnosis for background and the purpose of projects, and suggests that this movement focuses on verbal abuse rather than language destruction and pays attention to positive aspects of newly rising language use. Then, with reference to main agent, this paper argues that the government must lead actively formation of voluntary nongovernmental agent with indirect financial and institutional support. Thirdly, it is suggested that public language should be the top priority target sphere and the language used by the leaders of society and the older generation should be also included in the target spheres of this movement. Finally, this paper indicates that enlightenment/public relation projects end often in one time events, imposing unilaterally the normative contents, and also emphasizes the importance of survey/research projects and deliberation/evaluation projects.