• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.01a
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• pp.61-62
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• 2000

We have studied the molecular orientation by the phase transitions of the chiral smectic liquid crystals, 4-(1-Trifluoromethyl-6-ethoxy-hexyloxycarbonlphenyl)-4-nonyloxybiphenyl-4-carbo-xylate (R-TFMEOHPNBC) to seek the original solution of the zig-zag defect using two different experimental techniques; optical system and x-ray scattering. The phase sequence is gamma ferroelectric $(SmC{\gamma}\;^*)$ ${\rightarrow}$ smectic A (SmA) ${\rightarrow}$ isotropic (I). Existence of two layer spacing at chiral smectic phase gives a possibility of the molecular orientation in two different tilt angles, ${\theta}\;_1$ and ${\theta}\;_2$, which are separated each other to the layer normal at a given temperature. The gamma ferroelectric-like phase is, first, discovered in the single compound.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.135-143
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• 1987

Various complexing agents were investigated to see the effects on the normal orientation of HCP structure of Co-alloy to the film plane in ammoniacal electroless plating bath. To obtain the optimum condition, several complexing agents were investigated to compare the C-axis perpendicular orientation. Results were that succinate - citrate, malonate - succinate, malonate bath were useful for that purpose. Among these complexing agents, succinate - citrate system was obtained as the best one. X-ray diffraction patterns were used to compare the film properties with C-axis perpendicular orientation.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.46-57
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• 2021

Purpose - In terms of human resource management, many Korean enterprises in China have experienced problems such as frequent resignations of Chinese employees and labor disputes. This can be mainly attributed to the fact that Chinese employees are not consistent with Korean vertical management methods, which is closely related to the national culture theory proposed by Hofstede, specifically the dimension of power distance and long- versus short-term orientation (LTO). Therefore, this research aims to investigate cultural differences between Korea and China from these two dimensions, and the impact on the human resource management of Korean-invested enterprises in China. Design/methodology - This research first utilizes the latest data (Wave 7) of the World Values Survey (WVS) to verify the difference in power distance and long- versus short-term orientation between Korean and Chinese cultures using responses from Korea and China, and then uses case analysis to analyze the impact of this cultural difference on the human resource management of Korean enterprises in China. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows. Korea and China have significant differences in power distance and long- versus short-term orientation. In terms of power distance, Korean respondents show higher power distance compared to Chinese respondents. In the dimension of long- versus short-term orientation, it was found that Chinese respondents showed a shorter-term orientation, whereas Korean respondents showed a longer-term orientation. Originality/value - Previous studies put focus on the power distance and individualism-collectivism dimensions to explain cultural differences between Korea and China, and generated contradictory results. This research further confirms the cultural differences between Korea and China from the dimensions of power distance and long-versus short-term orientation using secondary data. The comparative studies from this perspective have long been underexplored and lack empirical confirmation.

• Composites Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.235-244
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• 2013

A volume integral equation method (VIEM) is introduced for the solution of elastostatic problems in an unbounded isotropic elastic solid containing multiple isotropic elliptical fibers of arbitrary orientation subject to uniform stress at infinity. The fibers are assumed to be long parallel elliptical cylinders composed of isotropic elastic material perfectly bonded to the isotropic matrix. The solid is assumed to be under plane strain on the plane normal to the cylinders. A detailed analysis of the stress field at the matrix-fiber interface for square and hexagonal packing of the fibers is carried out for different values of the number, orientation angles and concentration of the elliptical fibers. The accuracy and efficiency of the method are examined through comparison with results obtained from analytical and finite element methods.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.175-185
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• 2011

It is usual for energy consumption in accordance with facing and sitting direction of tower-type apartments to be calculated by the official statistics or computer simulation. Previous studies for energy consumption appear to be very limited due to the dependence on flat type of apartment. Acknowledging these constraints, an empirical study for a tower type apartment was conducted to demonstrate how a on-site indoor temperature measurement in spring can be used to assist in estimating the total energy consumption in terms of facing and sitting orientation specific settings. The results indicate that maximum temperature difference in spring was identified as $1.16^{\circ}C$ between south and eastern direction. It is known that raising $1^{\circ}C$ indoor temperature require 7% more energy consumption than normal. The $1.16^{\circ}C$ difference means that sitting direction of tower type apartment is a crucial explanatory variable as unit of analysis for energy consumption. It was demonstrated that the indoor temperature could be used effectively as an indicator to estimate energy consumption among various sitting direction of tower type apartments. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference to support more scientific and objective decision-making for facing and sitting orientation of tower type apartments.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.142-146
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• 2013

In this study, the effect of Carbon/PEEK composites on the tribological properties has been investigated. Also, its validity has been tested in the capacity of alternative materials of the Ti-based materials used for artificial hip joint. Moreover, this work evaluated the mechanical properties according to the fiber ply orientation, along with the fractured surfaces of the carbon/PEEK composites. The composites with a unidirectional orientation had higher tribological properties than those with a multidirectional orientation. This was caused by the debonding between the carbon fiber and the PEEK, which was proportional to the contact area between the sliding surface and the carbon fiber. The friction test results showed that there were no significant differences in relation to the fiber ply orientation. However, the friction properties of the carbon/PEEK composites were higher than those of the carbon/epoxy composites. In addition, the results showed that a composite that slid in a direction normal to the prepreg lay-up direction had a smaller friction coefficient than one that slid in a direction parallel to the prepreg lay-up direction.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.221-237
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• 2019

Multinational corporations (MNCs) usually face indigenous business environments in host countries which are different from a home country's. In this circumstance, MNCs would accomplish low-investing performance if they pursuit the same as the home oriented business strategy in the host country. The more different kinds of specialized environments a host countries have, the more pressure of modifying the international strategy needed for MNCs. This paper examines that how a different market environment between a home country and a host country, through MNC's local responsive managements, can influence investing performance in a host country. This paper conducts structural equation analyses with collected empirical data focusing upon a MNC's market orientation efforts and the realization of management localization (i.e., increasing local sourcing intensity or local sales intensity) as mediators between the specialized environment in a host country and the MNC's investing performance. This paper has several contributions in developing the prior approaches: first, the market orientation variables are regarded not as normal independent factors but mediators; second, two step mediation model is examined to make link between host market's heterogeneity and MNC's performance.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.944-951
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• 1988

Global-Local Laminate Variational Model is utilized to investigate the characteristics of interlaminar stresses in thick composite laminates under uniform axial extension. Various laminates with different fiber orientation and stacking sequences are analyzed to observe the behavior of interlaminar normal stresses. From this result, the interlaminar normal stress distribution along the laminate interfaces is examined and discussed with an existing approximation model. The repeated stacking of Poisson's ratio symmetric sublaminates is found to be the best stacking method of thick composite laminates to reduce the interlaminar normal stresses for the prevention of the free-edge delamination.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.1452-1457
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• 2004

In this paper, a method of measuring the length of defects on the wall and restructuring the defect image is proposed based on the estimation algorithm of a camera orientation which uses the declination angle of a laser slit beam. The estimation algorithm of the horizontally inclined angle of CCD camera adopts a 3-dimensional coordinate transformation of the image plane where both the laser beam and the original image of the defects exist. The estimation equation is obtained by using the information of the beam projected on the wall and the parameters of this equation are experimentally obtained. With this algorithm, the original image of the defect can be reconstructed to an image normal to the wall. From the result of a series of experiments, the measuring accuracy of the defect is measured within 0.5% error bound of real defect size under 30 degree of the horizontally inclined angle. The proposed algorithm provides the method of reconstructing the image taken at any arbitrary horizontally inclined angle to the image normal to the wall and thus, it enables the accurate measurement of the defect lengths only by using a single camera and a laser slit beam.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1995

High Tc superconducting YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$$O_{7-x}$ thin films were prepared on various substrates by off-axis rf magnetron sputtering method to examine the substrate effects on the film structure and its R-T characteristics. The SEM analysis showed that the surface morphology of the grown YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O.sub 7-x/, film has different characteristic structure with different substrate used. The film on (100) SrTiO$_{3}$ substrate has critical current density of 3*10$^{5}$ A/cm$^{2}$ at 77K under zero magnetic field. The X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the films on (100) SrTiO$_{3}$ substrate have mixed a-axis and c-axis normal to the substrate surface and the films on (100) MgO and ZrO$_{2}$/sapphire substrates have c-axis normal orientation to the substrate surface. However, YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$$O_{7-x}$ films on (100) sapphire substrates showed no preferential orientation.ion.