• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.80-90
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• 1982

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of a chronic disease on body image, and to show that body image is directly related to one's self concept. Body image is the concept of one's own body based on present and past perception, and is elated to one's self concept. Body image is a dynamic concept constantly changing throughout the life cycle but it changes greatly in illness, surgery, and accident. The child with a chronic disease experiences pain and immobilization due to illness and he/she experiences a strange environment in the hospital. illness often brings feeling of frustration and loss of self-esteem. Therefore this study was done to compare the body image of a child with a chronic disease（Asthma), with that of a normal healthy child, and to determine the relationship between the body image and self concept. The subjects in this study were 36 children being treated for asthma at the allergy clinic of Y University Hospital in Seoul (patient group) and 44 children attending elementary school in Kwanak Ku Seoul (normal healthy group). For the measurement of the body image, the researcher used Secord & Jourard's Body Cathexis Scale, and another scale which was constructed after reading about Osgood's Semantic Differential Method. For the measurement of the self concept, the researcher used Jacox & Stewart's Health Self Concept. The period for data collection was from October 7th to October 27th, 1982. The analysis of data was done by use of Percentage, t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and ANOVA, The results of the study were as follows: 1. The first hypothesis,“That the chronically ill (Asthma) child will have a more negative body image than the normal healthy child.”was supported. 2. The second hypothesis,“The more negative the body image, the lower the self concept.”was also supported. 3. The researcher failed to obtain statistically significant results in the analysis of the general characteristics which affect the body image except in the case of the older child as compare to the younger Child having a mole positive body image (r=.2751, r=.2481, p<.05). However it was found that, 1) Boy's have a more positive body image than girls (Mean=〔37.81, 141.09〕,〔37.00, 126.54〕), 2) The child who has been hospitalized has a more negative body image than the child who has never been hospitalized (Mean=〔33.25, 122.45〕,〔35.68, 129.93〕). 3) The younger the child when the disease is discovered and diagnosed, the more negative the body image (Onset of illness: Mean=〔31.44, 117.33〕,〔34.00, 103.50〕, 〔35.75, 140.38〕,〔36.33, 130.00〕, Time of Diagnosis: Mean=〔29.00, 117.33〕,〔33.89, 115.00〕,〔33.36, 124.93〕,〔37.10, 139. 20〕). In conclusion the chronically ill(.Asthma) child has a more negative body image than the normal healthy child, and the more negative the body image the lower the self concept. Therefore the concept of body image is useful in understanding the influences of chronic disease on body' image and self concept.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.269-274
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• 2005

Esophageal candidiasis is an opportunistic infection, often reported in patients who have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a neoplastic disease, or undergoing protracted antibiotic therapy. Impaired cell mediated immunity was often considered as the major predisposing factor in patients of esophageal mucosal colonization of Candida spp. However, it is increasingly reported that the occurrence of esophageal candidiasis with no underlying disease or immune suppression. We have experienced a case of esophageal candidiasis in a 15-year-old girl who was immunologically normal and have no underlying disease and whose main symptoms were epigastric and retrosternal pain with dysphagia. This case suggests the possibilities of candidal infections in children without predisposing factors such as immune compromised conditions, so it will be needed to differentiate the esophageal candidiasis among healthy children with symptoms of odynophagia and dysphagia.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.66 no.6
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• pp.642-651
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• 2023

Objective : Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) have been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of moyamoya disease (MMD). We have previously observed stagnant growth in MMD ECFCs with functional impairment of tubule formation. We aimed to verify the key regulators and related signaling pathways involved in the functional defects of MMD ECFCs. Methods : ECFCs were cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers (normal) and MMD patients. Low-density lipoproteins uptake, flow cytometry, high content screening, senescence-associated β-galactosidase, immunofluorescence, cell cycle, tubule formation, microarray, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, small interfering RNA transfection, and western blot analyses were performed. Results : The acquisition of cells that can be cultured for a long time with the characteristics of late ECFCs was significantly lower in the MMD patients than the normal. Importantly, the MMD ECFCs showed decreased cellular proliferation with G1 cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence compared to the normal ECFCs. A pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the cell cycle pathway was the major enriched pathway, which is consistent with the results of the functional analysis of ECFCs. Among the genes associated with the cell cycle, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) showed the highest expression in MMD ECFCs. Knockdown of CDKN2A in MMD ECFCs enhanced proliferation by reducing G1 cell cycle arrest and inhibiting senescence through the regulation of CDK4 and phospho retinoblastoma protein. Conclusion : Our study suggests that CDKN2A plays an important role in the growth retardation of MMD ECFCs by inducing cell cycle arrest and senescence.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.930-942
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate body image perceptions of women about themselves and their preschool children and also to investigate the relationship between these perceptions. Subjects were 545 women and their children (279 boys and 268 girls) residing in Daejeon city. $67.7\%$ of women were classified as normal group, $18.6\%$ as overweight group, and $13.8\%$ as underweight group by BMI. $68.5\%\;and\;78.7\%$ of their boys and girls, respectively, were classified as normal group, $22.4\%\;and\;16.4\%$ as overweight group, $9.1\%\;and\;4.9\%$ as underweight group by WLI. Women made relatively accurate judgments on their current body sizes and selected their body images as the most desirable one. But they preferred plumper figures for their children and failed to perceive their overweight children as overweight. While $74.7\%$ of women wished to be thinner, $81.1\%$ of them wished their children to be fatter. Women spending less then 100 thousand won and more than 500 thousand won as monthly food expenses and having only one child perceived their children's current body sizes the lowest and the highest, respectively. Women wished boys to be fatter than girls. Their current body sizes were correlated positively with the children's current body size (p < .01), and their healthiest, attractive, and 'wish' figures were correlated positively with children's current, healthiest, attractive, and 'wish' figures (p < .05- p < .01). Body size dissatisfaction (wish to be thinner) and BMI of women were correlated negatively with children's healthiest and attractive figures (p < .01). These findings suggest that in order to correct the women's body image misperceptions and to prevent childhood obesity, mother's perception about healthy body images for themselves and their children need to be included in nutrition education. Also, it is necessary to assist mothers to understand the relationship of body size and weight status with the risk of chronic disease which might appear later in their children's life. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $930\∼942$, 2005)

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.629-638
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to provide fundamental data by degree of obesity which was necessary to nutritional education for the formation of right eating and dietary guideline by researching food habits of children. In order to achieve this purpose, a survey was conducted on 3, 4, 5, 6th grade of students from 4 schools in S and G city in Jeolla-Namdo. The results was as follows. There were 384(44.4%) students were normal weight, 193(22.3) were overweight, and 287(33.2) were low weight by obesity indices. Comparing the student's subjective health condition among the degree of obesity, 40.4% of overweight recognized they were healthy, 30.1% recognized ordinary, and 57.1% of lean recognized they were healthy, 34.5% recognized ordinary. It was turned out that most students who were overweight and lean recognized healthy and normal. Family was reported to be the most impact factor on student's diet habits, and then Multimedia such as TV seemed to have a effect on overweight and lean students, but nutrition teachers had a direct influence on normal weight students. The most thing which eating habits for a reform was unbalanced diet. The students in this research have breakfast everyday and regularly. Regarding dietary attitudes, overweight group enjoyed eating healthy food more than normal and low body weight group did, and tried to eat what they have never eaten before. In conclusion, it's necessary for elementary school students that increase the control ability of self perceived health condition with education for good eating habit and grasp their condition themselves through the nutrition education in school.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2019

Purpose: Inadequate calorie intake is one of the most important causes of nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) and is thought to lead to multiple micronutrient deficiencies. However, there have been few studies on NOFTT and micronutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the micronutrient status of children with NOFTT. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 161 children (106 with NOFTT and 55 health controls) at a single institution. Data on weight for age, height for age, body mass index, and biochemical parameters, indicating the children's nutritional and micronutrient status were reviewed via electronic medical records, and the two groups were compared. Results: Except inorganic phosphate levels, no statistically significant differences were seen in the laboratory findings indicating the children's nutritional and micronutrient status; notably, the inorganic phosphate levels were within the normal range in both groups. We then compared the severe NOFTT (weight for age below the first percentile) and control groups; however, no statistically significant differences were seen for any of the measured parameters. Conclusion: Most children with NOFTT in this study had normal micronutrient levels and other laboratory findings. Therefore, element deficiencies should not be considered a natural consequence of NOFTT or in healthy children. Close monitoring and additional evaluations are needed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.202-212
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• 2005

Purpose: Transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) is a newly discovered virus and to date the contribution of TTV to liver disease remains unclear. Little is known about the frequency of TTV infection in children in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotypic distribution of TTV carried by healthy children and patients with hepatitis in Korea. Methods: Eighty eight of healthy children and three groups of patients with hepatitis-14 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 12 patients with chronic hepatitis C and 25 patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology-were tested. TTV DNA was detected by semi-nested PCR using primer sets generated from N-22 region and from 5' noncoding region (NCR) of the viral genome. PCR products derived from 8 patients with hepatitis and from 11 healthy children were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Results: TTV was found by PCR with N22 primer in 11.3% of healthy children, 28.5% of children with hepatitis B, 25% of children with hepatitis C, 24% of children with hepatitis of unknown etiology. TTV DNA was found by PCR with 5'NCR primer in 32.9% of healthy children, 71.4% of patients with chronic hepatitis B, in 50% of patients with hepatitis C and in 48% of patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology. TLMV DNA was found in 48.9% of healthy children, 21.4% of patients with hepatitis B, 16.6% of patients with hepatitis C, 40% of patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology. Among the sequenced isolates, 10(52%) belonged to genotype 1 (G1) and others belonged to genotype 2 (G2) or genotype 3 (G3). Among the G1 sequences, 7 were grouped as G1a. Conclusion: TTV infection was common in healthy children and in patients with hepatitis. But, the prevalence of TTV DNA by 5'NCR primer was relatively high in patients with hepatitis B and there may be some association between TTV and hepatitis B virus infection. G1 was the major genotype of the studied population.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.50-56
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• 2016

Purpose: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is one of the most common problems in childhood. NE has a multifactorial etiology and is influenced by sleep and arousal mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate sleep problems and patterns in children with NE compared with normal healthy controls. Methods: Twenty-eight children with NE and 16 healthy controls were included in the study. To evaluate sleep habits and disturbances, parents and children filled out a questionnaire that included items about sleep patterns and sleep-related behaviors prior to treatment for NE. Demographic factors and other data were compared for the two groups based on the responses to the sleep questionnaire. Results: Night awakening, sleepwalking, and periodic limb movements were more prevalent in children with NE, but symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing were not increased in this group. There were statistically significant differences in periodic limb movements and daytime sleepiness between the two groups. Conclusion: Children with NE seemed to have more sleep problems such as night awakening, sleepwalking, and periodic limb movements. In addition, a higher level of daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in patients with NE suggested a relationship between NE and sleep disorders.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the children's understanding level of nutritional knowledge and the degree of knowledge application into the actual living not only in the with-lunch school but also in the without lunch school. Having expected their obtaining of nutritional knowledge and practical applicating, we compared the with-lunch school children's understanding level of nutritional knowledge, dietary attitude, and completeness of diet life with those of without-lunch school children. In addition to this, we surveyed healthiness, Physical condition, and BMI (Body Mass Index) and compared these factors. The results are as follows. 1. Almost all of the children were standard in physical condition, however they recognized themselves fatty than normal. Mealtime consumption(p＜0.05), BMI(p＜0.05), and diet attitude points(p＜0.001) showed significant difference in the children who regarded the themselves healthy. 2. High correlation was observed between parent's physical shape and mealtime consumption (p＜0.05), quantity of eating food (p＜0.001), children's BMI(p＜0.001) and diet attitude(p＜0.05) respectively. 3. The points of itemised nutritional knowledge test was different in accordance with the children's year grade (p＜0.05), children's understanding level of health and physical condition(p＜0.05), parent's physical shape (p＜0.05), and mother's education level(p＜0.05) respectively. The points of nutritional knowledge test in both schools showed no difference except the item of vitamin.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.555-562
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity has become a global epidemic. Development of effective and sustainable programs to promote healthy behaviors from a young age is important. This study developed and tested an intervention program designed to promote healthy eating and physical activity among young children in South Korea by adaptation of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Mission X (MX) Program. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The intervention program consisted of 4 weeks of fitness and 2 weeks of nutrition education. A sample of 104 subjects completed pre- and post- surveys on the Children's Nutrition Acknowledgement Test (NAT). Parents were asked for their children's characteristics and two 24-hour dietary records, the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) at baseline and a 6-week follow-up. Child weight status was assessed using Korean body mass index (BMI) percentiles. RESULTS: At baseline, 16.4% (boy: 15.4%; girl: 19.2%) of subjects were overweight or obese (based on $BMI{\geq}85%tile$). Fat consumption significantly decreased in normal BMI children ($48.6{\pm}16.8g$ at baseline to $41.9{\pm}18.1g$ after intervention, P < 0.05); total NQ score significantly increased from 66.4 to 67.9 (P < 0.05); total NAT score significantly improved in normal BMI children (74.3 at baseline to 81.9 after the program), children being underweight (from 71.0 to 77.0), and overweight children (77.1 at baseline vs. 88.2 after intervention, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The 6-week South Korean NASA MX project is feasible and shows favorable changes in eating behaviors and nutritional knowledge among young children.